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340 NOTESSee Tom D. Dillehay, Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile (Washington,D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989). For a non-technical review ofthe ferment in archaeological circles surrounding the discoveries at Monte Verde,Pedra Furada, and other early human settlements in the Americas, see RichardWolkomir, "New Finds Could Rewrite the Start of American History," Smithsonian,21 (March 1991), pp. 130-44.8. Morris Swadesh, "Linguistic Relations Across Bering Strait," AmericanAnthropologist, 64 (1962), 1262-91; Harold E. Driver, Indians of North America,Second Edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), p. 25; L. Campbelland M. Mithun, eds., The Languages of Native America: Historical and ComparativeAssessment (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979).9. Joseph H. Greenberg's Language in the Americas (Stanford: Stanford UniversityPress, 1988) is the most prominent and controversial of these new studies.For an important recent discussion and critique, see James Matisoff, "On Megalocomparison,"Language, 66 (1990), 106-20. On the evolution of indigenous languagechange in South America, see Mary Ritchie Key, ed., Language Change inSouth American Indian Languages (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1991).10. Richard A. Rogers, Larry D. Martin, and T. Dale Nicklas, "Ice-Age Geographyand the Distribution of Native North American Languages," Journal ofBiogeography, 17 (1990), 131-143.11. Fumiko Ikawa-Smith, "The Early Prehistory of the Americas as Seen fromNortheast Asia," in Ericson, Taylor, and Berger, eds., Peopling of the New World,p. 23. On sea level changes and their impact on-and obliteration of-archaeologicalsites in the Pacific, see John R.H. Gibbons and Fergus G.A.U. Clunie, "SeaLevel Changes and Pacific Prehistory: New Insight into Early Human Settlementof Oceania," Journal of Pacific History, 21 (1986), 58-82.12. Jesse D. Jennings, "Origins," in Jennings, ed., Ancient North Americans,p. 27.13. For a recent review of the evidence, see Sally McBrearty, "The Origin ofModern Humans," Man, 25 (1990), 129-43. Cf., Rebecca L. Cann, "DNA andHuman Origins," Annual Review of Anthropology, 17 (1988), 127-43. As of thiswriting the most recently published research puts the date at somewhere between164,000 B.C. and 247,000 B.C. See Linda Vigilant, Mark Stoneking, Henry Hacpending,Kristen Hawkes, and Allan C. Wilson, "African Populations and the Evolutionof Human Mitochondrial DNA," Science, 253 (1991), 1503-1507.14. Knut R. Fladmark has long been a proponent of this idea. See, for example,his "Routes: Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America,"American Antiquity, 44 (1979), 55-69.15. See J. Peter White and J.F. O'Connell, A Prehistory of Australia, NewGuinea and Sahul (Sydney: Academic Press, 1982); and J.P. White, "Melanesia,"in Jesse D. Jennings, ed., The Prehistory of Polynesia (Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1979), pp. 352-77.16. There also is the possibility that very early sites do exist and are accessiblealong the present northwest coast, but that archaeologists-presupposing that theycould not exist-have simply not been digging deeply enough. That, at least, is theconclusion drawn by one archaeologist following recent work in the area. See R.Lee Lyman, Prehistory of the Oregon Coast: The Effects of Excavation Strategies