american-holocaust

308 NOTES29. Edward Arber and A.G. Bradley, eds. Travels and Works of Captain johnSmith, President of Virginia and Admiral of New England, 1580-1631 (Edinburgh:John Grant, 1910), Volume One, pp. 65, 75.30. Jones, 0 Strange New World, pp. 170-71.31. See, for example, Ralph Lane, "An Account of the Particularities of theImployments of the Englishmen Left in Virginia," in David B. Quinn, ed., TheRoanoke Voyages, 1584-1590 (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1955), Volume One,p. 262.32. George Percy, "A Trewe Relacyon of the Procedeinges and Occurrentes ofMomente which have hapned in Virginia," Tyler's Quarterly Historical and GenealogicalMagazine, 3 (1922), 280.33. On this, and on the Roanoke settlement in general, see Edmund S. Morgan,American Slavery-American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (NewYork: W.W. Norton, 1975), pp. 25-43.34. Percy, "A Trewe Relacyon," 271.35. Ibid., 272-73.36. Morgan, American Slavery-American Freedom, p. 99.3 7. Edward Waterhouse, A Declaration of the State of the Colony and Affairesin Virginia (London, 1622), p. 23.38. James Axtell, "The Rise and Fall of the Powhatan Empire," in Axtell, AfterColumbus, Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York:Oxford University Press, 1988) pp. 218-19. For an example of colonists poisoningthe Indians-in this case killing about 200 people in a single incident-see RobertBennett to Edward Bennett, "Bennetes Welcome," [9 June 1623), William andMary Quarterly, 2nd Series, 13 (1933), 122.39. Ibid., pp. 219, 221.40. The number of Indians under Powhatan's control in 1607 comes fromAxtell, "Rise and Fall of the Powhatan Empire," p. 190. The reference to a populationof more than 100,000 prior to European contact is in J. Leitch Wright, Jr.,The Only Land They Knew: The Tragic Story of the Indians in the Old South(New York: Free Press, 1981), p. 60. The colonist population at the end ofthe seventeenth century-estimated at 62,800--is from Morgan, American Slavery-AmericanFreedom, p. 404. The number of Powhatan people at the century'sclose is based on a multiplier of four times the number of Powhatan bowmen estimatedin Robert Beverley, The History and Present State of Virginia [1705], ed.Louis B. Wright (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1947), pp. 232-33.41. Morgan, American Slavery-American Freedom, p. 233; Gwenda Morgan,"The Hegemony of the Law: Richmond County, 1692-1776" (Doctoral dissertation,Johns Hopkins University, 1980), Chapter One.42. Sherburne F. Cook, "The Significance of Disease in the Extinction of theNew England Indians," Human Biology, 45 (1973), 485-508; Alfred W. Crosby,"Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America,"William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 33 (1976), 289-99. For a study that usesdeath rates of 50 and 60 percent as the norm for single epidemics, see William A.Starna, "Mohawk Iroquois Population: A Review," Ethnohistory, 27 (1980), 376-77. Long-running controversies regarding the total European death rate from theBlack Death now seem reasonably settled around an overall mortality of about