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NOTES 287involvement in and support for such activities, see Susanne Jonas, The Battle forGuatemala: Rebels, Death Squads, and U.S. Power (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991).15. Quoted in Jonas, Battle for Guatemala, p. 145.16. Ibid., pp. 148-49; Carmack, ed., Harvest of Violence, p. 11.17. Bernal Dfaz del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico, 1517-1521, translated by A.P. Maudslay (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1928), p.409.Chapter One1. Woodrow Borah and Sherburne F. Cook, The Aboriginal Population ofCentral Mexico on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest, Ibero-Americana, Number 45(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963); Michael Coe, Dean Snow, andElizabeth Benson, Atlas of Ancient America (New York: Facts on File Publications,1986), p. 145.2. Rudolph van Zantwijk, The Aztec Arrangement: The Social History ofPre-Spanish Mexico (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), p. 281, is oneof many recent writers who puts the figure at 350,000. More cautious scholars arelikely to accept the general range of 250,000 to 400,000 proposed almost thirtyyears ago by Charles Gibson, although as Gibson notes, informed sixteenth-centuryestimates ranged as high as 1,000,000 and more. See Charles Gibson, The AztecsUnder Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519-1810 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964), pp. 377-78. For the populationof London in 1500 see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England,1500-1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), p. 147; for Seville, see J.H. Elliott,Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1964), p. 177.3. Bernal Diaz del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico, 1517-1521, translated by A.P. Maudslay (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1928),pp. 269-70. All subsequent references to and citations of Bernal Dfaz in this chaptercome from this same volume, pp. 269-302.4. Hernan Cortes, Letters From Mexico, translated and edited by A.R. Pagden(New York: Grossman Publishers, 1971), p. 107. All subsequent references toand citations of Cortes in this chapter come from this same volume, pp. 100-113.5. Diego Duran, The Aztecs: The History of the Indies of New Spain, translatedby Doris Hayden Fernando Horcasitas (New York: Union Press, 1964), p.183; J. Soustelle, Daily Life of the Aztecs (Stanford: Stanford University Press,1970), pp. 32-33.6. Venice, even in the middle of the sixteenth century, still had barely halfthe population of Tenochtitlan before the conquest. See the discussion of Venice'spopulation in Fernand Braude!, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean Worldin the Age of Philip II (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), Volume One, p. 414.7. Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano, Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990), pp. 127-28.8. Quoted in Lewis Hanke, Aristotle and the American Indians: A Study inRace Prejudice in the Modern World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1959),p. 49.9. For discussion of these matters among Europeans up through the eight-