american-holocaust

PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 59ning sores and other nauseating skin diseases were extremely common,and often lasted for years." 10Street crime in most cities lurked around every corner. One especiallypopular technique for robbing someone was to drop a heavy rock or chunkof masonry on his head from an upper-story window and then to rifle thebody for jewelry and money. This was a time, observes Norbert Elias,when "it was one of the festive pleasures of Midsummer Day to burn aliveone or two dozen cats," and when, as Johan Huizinga once put it, "thecontinuous disruption of town and country by every kind of dangerousrabble [and] the permanent threat of harsh and unreliable law enforcement... nourished a feeling of universal uncertainty." 11 With neither culturallydeveloped systems of social obligation and restraint in place, nor effectivepolice forces in their stead, the cities of Europe during the fifteenthand sixteenth centuries were little more than chaotic population agglomerateswith entire sections serving as the residential turf of thieves andbrigands, and where the wealthy were forced to hire torch-bearing bodyguardsto accompany them out at night. In times of famine, cities andtowns became the setting for food riots. And the largest riot of all, ofcourse--though the word hardly does it justice--was the Peasants' War,which broke out in 1524 following a series ·of local revolts that had beenoccurring repeatedly since the previous century. The Peasants' War killedover 100,000 people.As for rural life in calmer moments, Jean de La Bruyere's seventeenthcenturydescription of human existence in the French countryside gives anapt summary of what historians for the past several decades have beenuncovering in their research on rustic communities in Europe at large duringthe entire late medieval to early modern epoch: "sullen animals, maleand female [are] scattered over the country, dark, livid, scorched by thesun, attached to the earth they dig up and turn over with invincible persistence;they have a kind of articulate speech, and when they rise to theirfeet, they show a human face, and, indeed, they are men. At night theyretire to dens where they live on black bread, water, and roots." 12To be sure, La Bruyere was a satirist and although, in the manner ofall caricaturists, his portrait contains key elements of truth, it also is cruelin what it omits. And what it omits is the fact that these wretchedly poorcountry folk, for all their life-threatening deprivations, were not "sullenanimals." They were, in fact, people quite capable of experiencing the samefeelings of tenderness and love and fear and sadness, however constrictedby the limitations of their existence, as did, and do, all human beings inevery corner of the globe.But what Lawrence Stone has said about the typical English village alsowas likely true throughout Europe at this time-that is, that because ofthe dismal social conditions and prevailing social values, it "was a placefilled with malice and hatred, its only unifying bond being the occasional