american-holocaust

298 NOTESAppleby, "Disease or Famine? Mortality in Cumberland and Westmorland, 1580-1640," The Economic History Review, Second Series, 26 (1973), 403-31.9. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500- 1800(New York: Harper & Row, 1977), pp. 77-78.10. Ibid., p. 487.11. See Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners, translatedby Edmund Jephcott (New York: Urizen Books, 1978), pp. 191-205, for thisand more on the "violent manners [and] brutality of passions" that characterizedurban Europe at this time. (The quotations in the text from Elias and Huizinga areon pp. 195 and 203.) Incidentally, the famous essay by Robert Darnton, "WorkersRevolt: The Great Cat Massacre of the Rue Saint-Severin," in Darnton's The GreatCat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History (New York: BasicBooks, 1984), pp. 75-104, refers to an incident that occurred in Paris three centuriesor so after the time we are discussing here, but a time when "the torture ofanimals, especially cats, was [still] a popular amusement" (p. 90). For some cogentrecent comments on this article itself, see Harold Mah, "Suppressing the Text: TheMetaphysics of Ethnographic History in Darnton's Great Cat Massacre," HistoryWorkshop, 31 (1991), 1-20.12. Quoted in Jacques Boulanger, The Seventeenth Century in France (NewYork: Capricorn Books, 1963), p. 354.13. Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, pp. 98-99; H.C. Eric Midelfort, Witch­Hunting in Southwestern Germany (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972), p.137; Norman Cohn, Europe's Inner Demons: An Inquiry Inspired by the GreatWitch-Hunt (New York: Basic Books, 1975), p. 254.14. Olwen H. Hufton, The Poor of Eighteenth-Century France, 1750- 1789(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), pp. 18, 20.15. Ibid., 21-24.16. Fernand Braude!, Capitalism and Material Life, 1400-1800 (London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973), pp. 205, 216-17; Braude!, The Mediterranean,Volume One, pp. 258-59.17. Michael W. Flinn, TheEuropean Demographic System, 1500-1820 (Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), pp. 16-17.18. By the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries these practices had become soepidemic that foundling hospitals were created in European cities, but they thenbecame little more than dumping grounds for hundreds of thousands of infants,from which few children ever emerged alive. There is a large literature on this, butsee especially: Thomas R. Forbes, "Deadly Parents: Child Homicide in Eighteenthand Nineteenth Century England," The Journal of the History of Medicine andAllied Sciences, 41 (1986), 175-99; Ruth K. McClure, Coram's Children: TheLondon Foundling Hospital in the Eighteenth Century (New Haven: Yale UniversityPress, 1981 ); Rachel Fuchs, Abandoned Children: Foundlings and Child Welfarein Nineteenth Century France (Albany: State University of New York Press,1984); and David I. Kertzer, "Gender Ideology and Infant Abandonment in NineteenthCentury Italy," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22 (1991), esp. 5-9.19. Letter of Piero Benintendi, "News from Genoa," in RobertS. Lopez andIrving W. Raymond, eds., Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: IllustrativeDocuments (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955), pp. 401, 402-403.20. John Boswell, The Kindness of Strangers: The Abandonment of Children