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288 NOTESeenth century, see Lee H. Huddleston, Origins of the American Indians: EuropeanConcepts, 1492-1729 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1969).10. For general discussions of Berengia, see David M. Hopkins, ed., The BeringLand Bridge (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967); and David M. Hopkins,et al., Paleoecology of Berengia (New York: Academic Press, 1982).11. The arguments for and against significant post-Ice Age, but pre-Columbianocean contacts between the peoples of the Americas and peoples from other continentsor archipelagoes is bound up with debate between two schools of thoughtthe"diffusionists," who believe that cultural evolution in the Americas was shapedimportantly by outside influences, and the "independent inventionists," who holdto the more conventional (and more evidence-supported) view that the culturesevolved independent of such influences. For good overviews of the diffusionist perspectiveby one of its more responsible adherents, see Stephen C. Jett, "Diffusionversus Independent Invention: The Bases of Controversy," in Carroll L. Riley, eta!., Man Across the Sea: Problems of Pre-Columbian Contacts (Austin: Universityof Texas Press, 1971), pp. 5-53; and Stephen C. Jett, "Precolumbian TransoceanicContacts," in Jesse D. Jennings, ed., Ancient North Americans (New York: W.H.Freeman and Company, 1983), pp. 557-613.12. See detailed discussion in Appendix I, pp. 261-66.13. Ibid., pp. 266-68.14. Ibid., p. 263.15. Ali A. Mazrui, The Africans: A Triple Heritage (Boston: Little, Brown andCompany, 1986), pp. 23-24, 30-31.16. W. George Lovell, Conquest and Survival in Colonial Guatemala: A HistoricalGeography of the Cuchumatan Highlands, 1500-1821 (Montreal: MeGill­Queen's University Press, 1985), p. xii.17. For a critical compilation of these and many more such descriptions fromscholarly works and textbooks during the past decade or so, see James H. Merrell,"Some Thoughts on Colonial Historians and American Indians," William and MaryQuarterly, 46 (1989), 94-119.18. Oscar and Lilian Handlin, Liberty and Power, 1600-1760 (New York:Harper and Row, 1986); Bernard Bailyn, The Peopling of British North America:An Introduction (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986); Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers tothe West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution (NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986). For commentary on these works, see David E.Stannard, "The Invisible People of Early American History," American Quarterly,39 (1987), 649-55; and Merrell, "Some Thoughts on Colonial Historians andAmerican Indians."19. Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America: The SouthernVoyages, 1492-1616 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 737; SamuelEliot Morison, "Introduction," in Douglas Edward Leach, Flintlock and Tomahawk:New England in King Philip's War (New York: W.W. Norton, 1966),p. ix.20. Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Rise of Christian Europe (New York: Harcourt,Brace & World, 1965), p. 9.21. Leonard Thompson, The Political Mythology of Apartheid (New Haven:Yale University Press, 1985), p. 1.22. Ibid., p. 70.