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294 NOTES57. On this, with particular reference to the city of Tikal, see William A. Haviland,"Tikal, Guatemala, and Mesoamerican Urbanism," World Archaeology, 2(1970), 186-97. On Tikal's reservoir system, see Vernon L. Scarborough and GaryG. Gallopin, "A Water Storage Adaptation in the Maya Lowlands," Science, 251(1991), 658-62. On population densities, see Robert S. Santley, Thomas W. Killion,and Mark T. Lycett, "On the Maya Collapse," journal of AnthropologicalResearch, 42 (1986), 123-59.58. T. Patrick Culbert, Laura J. Kosakowsky, Robert E. Fry, and William A.Haviland, "The Population of Tikal, Guatemala," in T. Patrick Culbert and DonS. Rice, eds., Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, (Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press, 1990), pp. 116-17. See also, in general, T.Patrick Culbert, Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and ArchaeologicalEvidence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).59. Anthony Aveni, Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures (NewYork: Basic Books, 1989), pp. 233-45.60. Ibid., p. 252.61. Linda Newson, The Cost of Conquest: Indian Decline in Honduras UnderSpanish Rule (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986), p. 91.62. Linda A. Newson, Indian Survival in Colonial Nicaragua (Norman: Universityof Oklahoma Press, 1987), p. 88.63. Cf. William M. Denevan, "Epilogue," in William M. Denevan, ed., TheNative Population of the Americas (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976),p. 291; and Henry F. Dobyns, "Estimating Aboriginal American Population: AnAppraisal of Techniques with a New Hemispheric Estimate," Current Anthropology,7 (1966), 415.64. EvanS. Connell, A Long Desire (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,1979), p. 162.65. Richard L. Burger, "Concluding Remarks," in Christopher B. Donnan, ed.,Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton OaksResearch Library and Collection, 1985), p. 273.66. The earliest excavations and descriptions of El Paraiso were the work ofF.A. Engel, "Le Complexe Preceramique d'El Paraiso (Perou)," journal de Ia Societedes Americanistes, 55 (1966), 43-95; for the most recent work, see JeffreyQuilter, Bernardino Ojeda E., Deborah M. Pearsall, Daniel H. Sandweiss, John G.Jones, and Elizabeth S. Wing, "Subsistence Economy of El Paraiso, an Early PeruvianSite", Science, 251 (1991), 277-85.67. On the languages of the Incas, both before and after the Spanish conquest,see Bruce Mannheim, The Language of the Inka Since the European Invasion (Austin:University of Texas Press, 1991).68. On the desert etchings of the Nazca peoples the best discussions are in TheLines of Nazca, ed. Anthony Aveni (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society,1990). For an evocative description of one man's encounter with a small scaleNorth American example of this phenomenon, see Barry Lopez's essay, "The StoneHorse," in his Crossing Open Ground, pp. 1-17.69. Pedro de Cieza de Leon, The Incas, translated by Harriet de Onis (Norman:University of Oklahoma Press, 1959), p. 203.70. John Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas (New York: Harcourt BraceJovanovich, 1970), p. 121.