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304 NOTES(Master's Thesis, University of California at Berkeley, 1957), pp. 128, 132; W.George Lovell, Conquest and Survival in Colonial Guatemala: A Historical Geographyof the Cuchumatan Highlands, 1500-1821 (Montreal: MeGill-Queen's UniversityPress, 1985), p. 145; David R. Radell, "The Indian Slave Trade and Populationof Nicaragua During the Sixteenth Century," in William M. Denevan, ed.,The Native Population of the Americas (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,1976), pp. 67-76; Newson, The Cost of Conquest, p. 330; and Patrick J. Carroll,Blacks in Colonial Veracruz: Race, Ethnicity, and Regional Development (Austin:University of Texas Press, 1991), p. 95.101. Leon-Portilla, ed., The Broken Spears, pp. 137-38.102. Quoted in Nathan Wachtel, The Vision of the Vanquished: The SpanishConquest of Peru Through Indian Eyes, 1530-1570, translated by Ben and SianReynolds (Sussex: The Harvester Press, 1977), p. 31.103. Noble David Cook, Demographic Collapse: Indian Peru, 1520-1620(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 114.104. Quoted in John Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas (New York: HarcourtBrace Jovanovich, 1970), p. 359.105. Pedro de Cieza de Leon, The Incas, translated by Harriet de Onis (Norman:University of Oklahoma Press, 1959), p. 62.106. Ibid., pp. lviii-lix.107. Hemming, Conquest of the Incas, p. 351.108. Ibid., pp. 363-64.109. Ibid., pp. 368-69.110. Ibid., p. 372.111. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European jews (Chicago: Quadran- igle Books, 1961), p. 596.112. Hemming, Conquest of the Incas, p. 348.113. Quoted in Salvador de Madariaga, The Rise of the Spanish AmericanEmpire (New York: Macmillan, 1947), pp. 90-91.114. Quoted in Cook, Demographic Collapse, p. 199. For detailed discussionof some of the matters mentioned in the preceding paragraph, see the same volume,pp. 199-210.115. Ibid., p. 207.116. Quoted in John Hemming, Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians,1500-1760 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), p. 139.117. All citations in this paragraph are from Hemming, Red Gold, pp. 139-41.118. For maps and a history of the captaincies, see Lyle N. McAlister, Spainand Portugal in the New World, 1492-1700 (Minneapolis: University of MinnesotaPress, 1984), pp. 260-66.119. Paul Slack, The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England (London:Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 7. For a close and revealing look at plaguein the country with Europe's best-organized system of public health-and in whichSO to 60 percent of infected individuals died-see Carlo M. Cipolla, Cristofanoand the Plague: A Study in the History of Public Health in the Age of Galileo(London: William Collins Sons & Co., 1973).120. Quoted in Hemming, Red Gold, p. 142.