american-holocaust

NOTESH3Western Oregon," Ethnohistory, 22 (1975), 135-54 (for data on the Kalapuyannot covered in Thornton); Harry Kelsey, "European Impact on the California Indians,1530-1830," The Americas, 41 (1985), 510; Russell Thornton, "Social Organizationand the Demographic Survival of the Tolowa," Ethnohistory, 31 (1984),191-92; Daniel T. Reff, "Old World Diseases and the Dynamics of Indian andJesuit Relations in Northwestern New Spain, 1520-1660," inN. Ross Crumrineand Phil C. Weigand, eds., Ejidos and Regions of Refuge in Northwestern Mexico(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1987), p. 89; Steadman Upham, Polities andPower: An Economic and Political History of the Western Pueblo (New York:Academic Press, 1982), pp. 39-43; Robert S. Grumet, "A New EthnohistoricalModel for North American Indian Demography," North American Archaeologist,11, (1990), 29-41; Francis Jennings, The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire (New York:W.W. Norton & Company, 1984), p. 88. John C. Ewers, "The Influence of Epidemicson the Indian Populations and Cultures of Texas," Plains Anthropologist,18 (1973), 104, 109; Robert Fortuine, Chills and Fever: Health and Disease in theEarly History of Alaska (Anchorage: University of Alaska Press, 1989), pp. 89-122,161-78,199-264,301-14.117. Ann F. Ramenofsky, Vectors of Death: The Archaeology of EuropeanContact (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987), pp. 42-136.118. Jean Louis Berlandier, The Indians of Texas in 1830, ed., John C. Ewers(Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1969); Wood, "Changing Populationof the Colonial South," p. 74.119. David Svaldi, Sand Creek and the Rhetoric of Extermination: A CaseStudy in Indian-White Relations (New York: University Press of America, 1989),pp. 149-50.120. Ibid., pp. 155-58.121. Ibid., p. 172.122. Ibid., pp. 171, 237.123. Ibid., p. 291; Himmler is quoted in Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors:Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986),p. 477. Although Chivington made the phrase famous, it must be said that it didnot originate with him. At least a few years earlier one H.L. Hall in California,who made a living killing Indians, refused to take other whites with him to massacreshe had arranged unless they were willing to kill every Indian woman andchild encountered, because, he liked to say, "a nit would make a louse." On oneoccasion, Hall led a group of whites in the mass murder of 240 Indian men, women,and children because he believed one of them had killed a horse. See, LynwoodCarranco and Estle Beard, Genocide and Vendetta: The Round Valley Warsof Northern California (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1981), chapterfour.124. Quoted in Stan Hoig, The Sand Creek Massacre (Norman: University ofOklahoma Press, 1961), p. 192.125. Svaldi, Sand Creek and the Rhetoric of Extermination, p. 291; Hoig,Sand Creek Massacre, p. 137.126. Quoted in Hoig, Sand Creek Massacre, p. 150.127. The following accounts are from subsequent testimony and affidavits providedby witnesses to and participants in the massacre. The full statements arecontained in U.S. Congressional inquiry volumes, ·including Report on the Conduct