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NOTES 315145. Cook, Indian versus the Spanish Mission, p. 27.146. Golovnin, Around the World on the Kamchatka, pp. 150, 147.147. For mission Indian caloric intake, see Cook, Indian versus the SpanishMission, p. 37, Table 2. On slave diets and caloric intake, see Richard Sutch, "TheCare and Feeding of Slaves," in Paul A. David, Herbert G. Gutman, Richard Sutch,Peter Temin, and Gavin Wright, Reckoning with Slavery: A Critical Study in theQuantitative History of American Negro Slavery (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1976), pp. 265-68. It is important to note that Sutch's analysis is a detailedcritique of the work of Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, who argued intheir book Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (Boston:Little, Brown and Company, 1974) that the average slave's caloric intake was evenhigher.148. Cook, Indian versus the Spanish Mission, p. 54.149. Ann Lucy W. Stodder, Mechanisms and Trends in the Decline of theCostanoan Indian Population of Central California (Salinas: Archives of CaliforniaPrehistory, Number 4, Coyote Press, 1986).150. Phillip L. Walker, Patricia Lambert, and Michael DeNiro, "The Effectsof European Contact on the Health of Alta California Indians," in Thomas, ed.,Columbian Consequences, Volume One, p. 351.151. Adelbert von Chamisso, A Voyage Around the World with the RomanzovExploring Expedition in the Years 1815-1818, translated and edited by HenryKratz (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1986), p. 244.152. Orner Englebert, The Last of the Conquistadors: ]unipero Serra, 1713-1784, translated by Katherine Woods (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company,1956). The parallel between the Spanish forced labor institutions in North andSouth America has long been recognized, even by professed admirers of the Franciscansand Junipero Serra. See for example, the comments of Herbert E. Bolton,"The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-American Colonies," AmericanHistorical Review, 23 (1917), 43-45. In fact, Serra himself noted and usedthe parallel in justifying the beating of Indians; in a letter of January 7, 1780, tothe Spanish governor of California, Filipe de Neve, he noted the fact that the phyicalpunishment of Indians by their "spiritual fathers" was "as old as the conquestof these kingdoms," specifically observing that "Saint Francis Solano . . . in therunning of his mission in the Province of Tucuman in Peru . . . when they failedto carry out his orders, he gave directions for his Indians to be whipped." Quotedin James A. Sandos, "Junipero Serra's Canonization and the Historical Record,"American Historical Review, 93 (1988), 1254; Sandos's entire essay (pp. 1253-69) is a valuable contribution to the controversy over Serra's proposed canonization.153. Quoted in James J. Rawls, Indians of California: The Changing Image(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), p. 63.154. Englebert, Last of the Conquistadors, p. 49; see also Fray Francisco Pal6u,Life and Apostolic Labors of the Venerable Father ]unipero Serra (Pasadena: G.W.James, 1913).155. Pal6u, Historical Memoirs, Volume One, pp. 86-87.156. For details on these matters, see my earlier-cited "Disease and Infertility:A New Look at the Demographic Collapse of Native Populations in the Wake ofWestern Contact," journal of American Studies, 24 (1990), 325-50.