american-holocaust

NOTES~eal E. Salisbury, "Red Puritans: The 'Praying Indians' of Massachusetts Bay andJohn Eliot," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 31 (1974), 27-54; James P.Ronda, " 'We Are Well As We Are': An Indian Critique of Seventeenth-CenturyChristian Missions," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 34 (1977), 65-82;Gary B. Nash, "Perspectives on the History of Seventeenth-Century MissionaryActivity in Colonial America," Terrae Incognitae, 11 (1979), 19-27; and Zuckerman,"Identity in British America," esp. pp. 147-48.128. Sacvan Bercovitch, The Puritan Origins of the American Self (New Haven:Yale University Press, 1975), p. 141.129. Ibid., pp. 141-43.130. From Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States (Washington,D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965), p. 13.131. Quoted in Ronald T. Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th­Century America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 103. It is not incidentalto Jefferson's willingness to exterminate Indians that at about this same time hewas devising a plan to ship the nation's African Americans back to Africa. Whenthis turned out to be excessively expensive, he proposed taking black infants awayfrom their parents (each black baby he calculated to be worth $22.50) and shipp'g them back, leaving the adult African American population to die out "naturally."On the matter of the morality of forcibly removing an entire race of childrenfrom their parents (itself an act of genocide, so the United Nations later woulddecide), Jefferson acknowledged that it "would produce some scruples of humanity.But this would be straining at a gnat, and swallowing a camel." See, ibid., pp.44-45.132. See Chapter Four, notes 89 and 90.133. Barry Holstun Lopez, Of Wolves and Men (New York: Charles Scribner'sSons, 1978), pp. 170-71. While the use of smallpox-infected blankets as a methodfor exterminating Indians was not as widespread (or as effective) as is popularlybelieved, it was an occasional practice, and as such it marked "a milestone ofsorts" in military history, writes Robert O'Connell: "While infected carcasses hadlong been catapulted into besieged cities, this seems to be the first time a knownweakness in the immunity structure of an adversary population was deliberatelyexploited with a weapons response." O'Connell, Of Arms and Men, p. 171. Foran eighteenth-century example of the deliberate use of smallpox as a weapon "toextirpate [the] exorable race" of Indians-an example that killed large numbers ofDelaware, Mingo, and Shawnee people-see E. Wagner Stearn and Allen E. Stearn,The Effect of Smallpox on the Destiny of the Amerindian (Boston: Humphries,1945), pp. 44-45.134. Cotton Mather, Souldiers Counselled and Comforted (Boston, 1689), p.28; Rev. Solomon Stoddard to Gov. George Dudley (22 October 1703) in NewEngland Historical and Genealogical Register, 24 (1870), 269-70.135. Some of the cultural byways of these conflicting impulses are discussed inLawrence J. Friedman, Inventors of the Promised Land (New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1975).136. Quoted in Christopher Lasch, "The Anti-Imperialists, the Philippines, andthe Inequality of Man," in Lasch's The World of Nations: Reflections on AmericanHistory, Politics, and Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973), p. 78. See alsoDrinnon, Facing West, pp. 307-32.