american-holocaust

316 NOTES157. Quoted in Ed. D. Castillo, "The Native Response to the Colonization ofAlta California," in Thomas, ed., Columbian Consequences, Volume One, p. 380.158. Quoted in Cook, Indian versus the Spanish Mission, p. 82.159. Rawls, Indians of California, p. 38; the previously cited observation onseverity of punishment is from J.M. Amador, "Memoria," manuscript in BancroftLibrary, University of California at Berkeley, quoted in Cook, Indian versus theSpanish Mission, p. 127.160. Quoted in Hurtado, Indian Survival on the California Frontier, pp. 74-75.161. Rawls, Indians of California, pp. 96-97; Robert F. Heizer, ed., TheyWere Only Diggers: A Collection of Articles from California Newspapers, 1851-1866, on Indian and White Relations (Ramona, Calif.: Ballena Press, 1974), p. 1.162. Heizer, They Were Only Diggers, p. 1.163. Hurtado, Indian Survival on the California Frontier, p. 145.164. Robert F. Heizer, ed., The Destruction of California Indians: A Collectionof Documents from the Period 1847 to 1865 in Which Are Described Someof the Things that Happened to Some of the Indians of California (Santa Barbara:Peregrine Smith, 1974), p. 279.165. Theodora Kroeber, Ishi in Two Worlds: A Biography of the Last WildIndian in North America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961), pp. 84-85.166. The estimate of the number of Indians indentured under the laws of 1850and 1860 comes from Heizer, ed., Destruction of California Indians, p. 219.167. Quoted in Rawls, Indians of California, p. 93.168. Quoted in Hurtado, Indian Survival on the California Frontier, pp. 134-36.169. Rawls, Indians of California, pp. 190-201.170. Quoted in Rawls, Indians of California, pp. 132-33.171. Quoted in John Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas (New York: HarcourtBrace Jovanovich, 1970), p. 348.Chapter Five1. Toni Morrison, Beloved (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), p. 180.2. Terrence Des Pres, "Introduction" to Jean-Francois Steiner, Treblinka (NewYork: New American Library, 1979), p. xi.3. Ibid.4. See Richard L. Rubenstein, The Cunning of History: The Holocaust andthe American Future (New York: Harper & Row, 1975), passim.5. See Richard G. Hovannisian, ed., The Armenian Genocide in Perspective(New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1986).6. Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and theTerror Famine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), esp. chapter 16.7. For summaries of these and other genocides, along with recent bibliographicalreferences, see Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociologyof Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven: Yale University Press,1990).8. For estimates of the numbers of Romani, commonly referred to as Gypsy,