american-holocaust

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GENOCIDEDuring the course of four centuries-from the 1490s to the 1890sEuropeans and white Americans engaged in an unbroken string ofgenocide campaigns against the native peoples of the Americas. Picturedon the following pages are the results of the first of theseslaughters-the Spanish depredations in the West Indies and Mesoamericaunder the initial command of Christopher Columbus-andwhat conventionally, though incorrectly, is regarded as the last ofthem-the United States Army's massacre of Sioux Indians near acreek called Wounded Knee in South Dakota. These scenes are representativeof thousands of other such incidents that occurred (andin some places continue to occur) in the Indies and in South, Central,and North America, most of them bloodbaths that have goneunnamed and are long forgotten.The illustrations of the Spanish cruelties are by Jean Theodoreand Jean Israel de Bry, from a 1598 edition of Bartolome de LasCasas's Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies. The accompanyingcaptions are drawn from Las Casas's descriptions of theevents he witnessed. With two exceptions, the photographs fromthe Wounded Knee massacre are printed here with the permissionof the Nebraska State Historical Society. The exceptions are thephotograph of Big Foot, from the National Anthropological Archivesof the Smithsonian Institution, and the photograph of GeneralColby and Zintka Lanuni, which is printed by courtesy of theDenver Public Library's Western History Collection. Quotations inthe captions for the Wounded Knee photographs are from RichardE. Jensen, R. Eli Paul, and John E. Carter, Eyewitness at WoundedKnee (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991).
"[The Spaniards] took babies from their mothers' breasts, grabbing them by thefeet and smashing their heads against rocks. . . . They built a long gibbet, lowenough for the toes to touch the ground and prevent strangling, and hanged thirteen[natives] at a time in honor of Christ Our Saviour and the twelve Apostles.. . . Then, straw was wrapped around their torn bodies and they were burnedalive."
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- . - ·-=-~~~~~--HISTORY"A much-ne
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AMERICANHOLOCAUSTThe Conquest of th
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For Florence Evelyn Harwood Stannar
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PROLOGUEIN THE DARKNESS of an early
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PROLOGUExiafter with an epigraph fr
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PROLOGUExiiiHistory for its own sak
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PROLOGUEXVamong indigenous peoples
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.... I ..BEFORE COLUMBUS
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4 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTcapital already
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6 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTwas ringed with
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8 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTcustoms of the
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10 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTsands of years
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12 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTlatitude for t
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14 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTof apartheid.
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2COMBINED, NORTH AMERICA and South
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 19that archaeologis
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BEFORE COLUMBUS21. But in fact the
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BEFORE COLUMBUSbounty nature had gi
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 25their extraordina
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 27cal and religious
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BEFORE COLUMBUS29legal device. And
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BEFORE COLUMBUSSimilar observations
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BEFORE ·COLUMBUSpassed the limits
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BEFORE COLUMBUSHworld away in each
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 37the most extraord
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BEFORE COLUMBUS39Their cosmology la
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 41most extensive em
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BEFORE COLUMBUSThere were no locks
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BEFORE COLUMBUSpie of the Andes bui
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 47impressed into ro
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 49further south on
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 51rine corrals held
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BEFORE COLUMBUSIndeed, Morgan later
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NATIVE PEOPLESFor 40,000 years, hun
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;.Temple Group at Uaxactun, Guatema
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The Gallery of the Mercado, Chichen
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"While hunting with some of my comr
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The town of Secotan in Virginia, wh
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A young Seri Indian woman of southw
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A family from an unknown (possibly
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A Nez Perce boy from the ColumbiaPl
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4"< .II·PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE
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58 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTsands who live
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60 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTepisode of mas
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62 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTthe Inquisitio
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64 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTto know where
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66 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTI certify to y
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68 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTcapital, his t
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70 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTthere, in a pl
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72 AMERICAN HOLOCAUST' 'proceeded t
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74 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTthey were dism
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76 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTdian allies-at
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78 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTof the Aztec l
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80 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTpeak of the Az
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82 AMERICAN HOLOCAUST95 percent. It
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84 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTdian children
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86 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTico, over a so
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88 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTI would not co
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90 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTish seemed to
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92 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTtosf in the An
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94 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTtation masters
Page 124 and 125: .4INTHE AREA around the town of Bar
Page 126 and 127: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 99God to be
Page 128 and 129: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 101in Londo
Page 130 and 131: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 103other co
Page 132 and 133: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDElOSfered by
Page 134 and 135: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 107winter o
Page 136 and 137: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 109that one
Page 138 and 139: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 111to carry
Page 140 and 141: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 113mystery,
Page 142 and 143: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 115"little
Page 144 and 145: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 117menting"
Page 146 and 147: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 119atrocity
Page 148 and 149: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 121lowed up
Page 150 and 151: PESTiLENCE AND GENOCIDE 123de Tocqu
Page 152 and 153: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 125had redu
Page 154 and 155: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 127were fir
Page 156 and 157: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 129away as
Page 158 and 159: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 131This, th
Page 160 and 161: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 133take up
Page 162 and 163: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDEHSsailed up
Page 164 and 165: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 137the padr
Page 166 and 167: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 139food pro
Page 168 and 169: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 141answered
Page 170 and 171: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 143varied "
Page 172 and 173: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 145the [Ind
Page 176 and 177: "As the Spaniards went with their w
Page 178 and 179: "The Spanish treated the Indians wi
Page 180 and 181: "Because he did not give the great
Page 182 and 183: "With my own eyes I saw Spaniards c
Page 184 and 185: "In one square of less than half an
Page 186 and 187: Mass burials followed the carnage.
Page 188 and 189: In the wake of the carnage, whites
Page 190 and 191: IIISEX, RACE, AND HOLY WAR
Page 192 and 193: ISOAMERICAN HOJ.,OCAUSTfueled genoc
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Page 196 and 197: 154 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTto the high M
Page 198 and 199: 156 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTOf course, su
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Page 202 and 203: 160 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTstones, whipp
Page 204 and 205: 162 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTrevealing fas
Page 206 and 207: 164 AMERICAN HOLOCAUST. And neverth
Page 208 and 209: 166 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTthere followe
Page 210 and 211: 168 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTfurther remov
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Page 214 and 215: 172 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTwithin even t
Page 216 and 217: 174 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTFrom this per
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Page 220 and 221: 178 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSToverhead in A
Page 222 and 223: 180 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTIf not wiped
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182 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTeconomy. But
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184 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTficial, conte
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186 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTleashed-and t
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188 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTtion criticis
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190 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTfor what happ
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192 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTknown. And, a
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CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS VIEWED himself
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 197disciplin
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 199informati
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 201religion.
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 203tainly sp
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 205not need
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 207appearanc
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 209In ancien
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 211contended
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 213tive raci
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 215the littl
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 217century F
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 219pean epid
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 221neither d
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 223ing the i
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 225regated e
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 227in the Gr
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 229beings an
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 231serves Sl
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR2Hthe British
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 235uum domic
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 237indenture
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 239fronted b
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 241beasts wh
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 243inner pro
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 245Two decad
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EPILOGUEIt is unlikely to have esca
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EPILOGUE 249still were human-and it
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EPILOGUE2Slunaware of the racism on
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EPILOGUE 253using screwdrivers to k
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EPILOGUE 255Indeed, it is insuffici
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EPILOGUE 257Ridge in South Dakota a
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APPENDIXES
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262 APPENDIX ISkeptics remained unc
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264 APPENDIX Ipassable by foot even
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266 APPENDIX Ihad to carry out at l
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268 APPENDIX Ibest estimate for the
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270 APPENDIX IIing her infant throw
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272 APPENDIX IIanimality and a pecu
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274 APPENDIX IIfirst of these is hi
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276 APPENDIX IIcomplex forms of rac
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278 APPENDIX IIearly years of settl
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280 APPENDIX IIUNITED NATIONS CONVE
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSDuring the course of
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NOTESPrologue1. The official Americ
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NOTES 287involvement in and support
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NOTES 28923. Francis Jennings, The
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NOTES 291Longacre, ed., Reconstruct
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NOTES 29344. Robert Silverberg, Mou
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NOTES 29571. For this and more see
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NOTES 297Gerald R. Clark, "A Late P
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NOTES 299in Western Europe from Lat
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NOTES 301in a symposium on that boo
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NOTES 303Bureau of Labor Statistics
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NOTES 305121. Ibid., p. 143. See al
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NOTES 307Principal Navigations, Voy
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NOTES 309one-third; see William H.
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NOTESHl81. Leach, Flintlock and Tom
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NOTESH3Western Oregon," Ethnohistor
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NOTES 315145. Cook, Indian versus t
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NOTES 317people killed in the Holoc
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NOTES 319bridge: Cambridge Universi
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NOTES ~2146. Quoted in Couliano, Er
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NOTES 323bridge University Press, 1
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NOTES32SMediterranean and the Medit
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NOTES 32725. Robert L. O'Connell, O
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NOTES 32960. Quoted in Todorov, Con
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NOTES 331White Man to Redskin: Chan
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NOTESH3113. See Schlatter, Private
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NOTES~eal E. Salisbury, "Red Purita
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NOTES 337The toll in Soviet militar
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NOTES 339cide in New Mexico, 1957-1
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INDEXAbenaki Indians, 118Acaxee peo
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INDEX 349Chaco Canyon, 25Chadwick,
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INDEX 351Golovnin, V.M., 138Gomara,
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INDEXLifton, Robert Jay, 246Lillooc
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INDEXH5Pennacook Indians, 28Penning
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INDEX 357Thirty Years War, 225Thoma
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