american-holocaust

H2NOTESMarch, 4000 survived to the end of the war, meaning that about 6000, or 60percent, died on the march or during the subsequent three years of imprisonment.As noted in the text, about 8000 of the approximately 17,000 Cherokee who beganthat death march died on the Trail of Tears and in the immediate aftermathabout47 percent. The comparison is incomplete, however, because, unlike theBataan situation, no one knows how many Cherokee died during the next threeyears of reservation imprisonment-and also because, again, unlike the Bataan deathmarch, the Cherokee death march included many thousands of women and children.For Bataan, see Donald Knox, Death March: The Survivors of Bataan (NewYork: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981).102. Mooney, Historical Sketch of the Cherokee, p. 124.103. In Grant Foreman, Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five CivilizedTribes of Indians (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1932), pp. 305-306.104. Russell Thornton, "Cherokee Population Losses During the 'Trail of Tears':A New Perspective and a New Estimate," Ethnohistory, 31 (1984), 289-300.105. Peter Calvocoressi, Guy Wint, and John Pritchard, Total War: Causesand Courses of the Second World War, Revised Second Edition (New York: PantheonBooks, 1989), p. 523; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European jews(Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1961), p. 670.106. "Log of John Boit," quoted in Ema Gunther, Indian Life on the NorthwestCoast of North America as Seen by the Early Explorers and Fur TradersDuring the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Century (Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1972), p. 74.107. Quoted in Schmalz, The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario, pp. 99-100.108. Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer, Aberdeen, South Dakota, December 20, 1891;quoted in Elliott J. Gorn, Randy Roberts, and Terry D. Bilhartz, Constructing theAmerican Past: A Source Book of a People's History (New York: HarperCollins,1991), p. 99.109. Charles A. Eastman, From the Deep Woods to Civilization (Boston: Little,Brown and Company, 1916), pp. 111-12.110. James Mooney, "The Ghost Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of1890," in Fourteenth Annual Report of the United States Bureau of Ethnology(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1896), Part Two, p. 877.111. Ibid., p. 885.112. Quoted in Gorn, Roberts, and Bilhartz, Constructing the American Past,p. 99.113·. Eastman, From the Deep Woods, p. 113.114. Kit Miniclier, "Lost Bird Comes Home to Wounded Knee," Denver Post,July 14, 1991, pp. 1C, 6C. The account in Colby's home town newspaper, TheBeatrice [Nebraska] Republican, is quoted in part in Richard E. Jensen, R. Eli Paul,and John E. Carter, Eyewitness at Wounded Knee (Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress, 1991), p. 135.115. In H.R. Schoolcraft, Historical and• Statistical Information Respecting theHistory, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States (Philadelphia:Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1851), Volume Two, p. 258.116. Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A PopulationHistory Since 1492 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), pp. 86-89, 124-25, 126-27; Robert T. Boyd, "Another Look at the 'Fever and Ague' of