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326 NOTES8. "Columbus's Letter to the Sovereigns on His First Voyage, 15 February-4 March 1493," and "Journal of the First Voyage," in Morison, ed., journals andOther Documents, pp. 88, 185. In considering the veracity of Columbus's claimthat the natives had told him this, it is important to note not only that the Spaniardsand the Indians spoke mutually unintelligible languages but that the Indianscould not have described creatures as having heads like dogs, because they hadnever seen any dogs and would not see any until Columbus's second voyage.9. See Lewis Hanke, Aristotle and the American Indians: A Study in RacePre;udice in the Modern World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1959), pp.130-31, note 14; W. Arens, The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy(New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 44-54; and R.A. Myers,"Island Carib Cannibalism," Nieuwe West-Indische Gids, 58 (1984), 147-84. Theeasy assumption (with no good evidence) of widespread cannibalism among nativepeoples serves the same political function among accusers as does the charge ofwholesale infanticide and other allegedly savage traits. I have discussed this phenomenonin "Recounting the Fables of Savagery: Native Infanticide and the Functionsof Political Myth," journal of American Studies, 25 (1991), 381-418.10. "Columbus's Letter to the Sovereigns on the Third Voyage," in Morison,ed., journals and Other Documents, pp. 286-87.11. Ibid., p. 286.12. German Arciniegas, America in Europe: A History of the New World inReverse, translated by Gabriela Arciniegas and R. Victoria Arana (New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986), pp. 44-45.13. Leonard I. Sweet, "Christopher Columbus and the Millennia! Vision of theNew World," The Catholic Historical Review, 72 (1986), 375-76, 378.14. "Journal of the First Voyage," in Morison, ed., Journals and Other Documents,p. 93.15. Ibid., p. 48.16. France V. Scholes, "The Spanish Conqueror as a Business Man: A Chapterin the History of Fernando Cortes," New Mexico Quarterly, 28 (1958), 26. For aconvenient and insightful treatment of the rise of individualism in the fifteenthcentury, see Philippe Braunstein, "Toward Intimacy: The Fourteenth and FifteenthCenturies," in Georges Duby, ed., A History of Private Life, II: Revelations of theMedieval World, translated by Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1988), esp. pp. 554-83.17. "Journal of the First Voyage," in Morison, ed., Journals and Other Documents,pp. 65-67.18. Ibid., pp. 69, 86; Leonardo Olschki, "What Columbus Saw on Landing inthe West Indies," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 84 (1941),656.19. Ibid., 655.20. "Columbus's Memorial to the Sovereigns on Colonial Policy, April1493,"in Morison, ed., journals and Other Documents, pp. 199-200.21. Ibid., pp. 200-201.22. "Michele de Cuneo's Letter on the Second Voyage, 28 October 1495," inibid., pp. 214-15.23. Ibid., p. 215.24. Ibid.