Brain Drain - Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit

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Rieder, S./ Matti, D. (2004). Projekt „Human capital in European peripheral regions:
Brain- Drain and Brain-Gain“, Interface Institut für Politikstudien. Luzern 2004
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Fachkräften im Gesundheitswesen: Ursachen, Konsequenzen und politische
Reaktionen. Focus Migration. Kurzdossier Nr. 7 (URL: http://www.focusmigration.de/Abwanderung_und_Anwe.2496.0.html,
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Migration and recruitment of health care professionals: reasons, consequences
and political reactions.)
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Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung. (En: Regional mobility.)
Tromepnaars, F. (1993). Riding the Waves of Culture. Understanding Cultural
Diversity in Business. Random House Business Books.
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3. Course 3: Working and Living Culture in Other Countries
Overview (Course 3 and 4)
The concept of culture in BDBG counselling is very complex. It comprises of a wide
range of social variables or differences among the clients leading to a broad
definition of multicultural counselling which includes 'ethnographic variables such as
ethnicity, nationality, religion and language; demographic variables such as age,
gender and place of residence; status variables such as social, educational and
economic; and affiliations including both formal affiliations to family or organizations
and informal affiliations to ideas and a lifestyle'.
In this broad definition, each person has many different cultures or identities with
each identity becoming relevant at different times and places. They argue that
multiculturalism emphasises both the way we are different from and similar to other
people. It challenges those who have presumed that differences don't matter as well
as those who have over emphasized differences (often perpetuating stereotypes).
For BDBG counselling is multicultural character of the counsellor, client and migration
process very natural. A BDBG counsellor has to recognise its advantages and risks.
The ideal scenario is a constructive and interaction-oriented co-existence of multiple
cultures as a goal for Europe. Europe has always been multiethnic and multicultural
and has evolved into a continent where many minority communities co-exist and
interact daily with the majority of the population. However, the concept of culturally
homogeneous nations created by nationalist ideology in 19 th century is still very much
alive in many countries. So national identity is closely intertwined with cultural identity
(EIEM, 2004)
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