Data Acquisition

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The AIMS interface supports large data structures such as multimedia with text andpictures. It is also used to store still or moving video pictures for electronic cameras.AIMS cards require the ability to transfer large amounts of data using block transfermethods. To do this the AIMS interface requires 8-bit writes to load the entire 32-bitaddress register.The figure below shows the minimum signals required for the AIMS interface.Figure 12.7AIMS interface pin outs12.6 SoftwareThe figure below shows the block diagram of the relationship of software and hardwarein the operation of PC Cards.Figure 12.8PC Card software block diagram
The PC Card is designed to interface with many different brands of PCs. Various standardsoftware packages are used to guarantee that each card can talk to the different makes ofPCs.Five different types of software are used to accomplish this feat. PC Card enablers,which include:• Card services• Socket services• Test software• Driver softwareIn addition, other support software and firmware is used to enable the PC Card tofunction correctly. These include:• CIS (card information structures)• TSRs (temporary stay resident programs)• Operating systems (such as Windows 95)• Autoexec.bat files• Config.sys files• DOS12.7 PC Card enablers and support softwareThe card and socket services software comes with the particular board when purchased.The software forms an interface between the PC Card controller in the computer and thePC Card. This software may do testing, setup, and control functions.The socket services software is used to interface between the card services and the hostbus adapter. It allows any type of card to talk to the card services software. The socketservices software interrogates the PC Card and passes that information on to the cardservices software. It interprets the PC Card’s configuration requirements. It determines ifthe resources needed by the card are available. It checks for changes such as the removalof the card. It also releases resources in the HBA if the card is removed.The card services software interfaces the socket services software to the PC Card enabler.The card services software job is to notify the enabler that a card has been removed orinserted, manage the resources of the PC Card, and to run PC Card utilities. It alsohandles bulk transfers to and from memory cards.Test software is used to test the PC Card. These tests may include availability of the card,configuration, and/or setup. The test software may come with the card when purchased,or from a third party.Driver software is provided by the manufacturer of the card, host bus adapter or by a thirdparty. This software interfaces the application software to the PC Card.
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Practical Data Acquisition forInstr
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Practical Data Acquisition forInstr
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In less than a decade, the PC has b
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PrefaceContentsxvii1 Introduction 1
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Contents vii4.2.1 Hardware interrup
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Contents ix6.2.3 Functional descrip
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Contents xi9.1 Ethernet and fieldbu
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Contents xiii12.5.2 Pin assignments
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Contents xvType R thermocouple 384T
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A data acquisition and control syst
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FilteringIn noisy environments, it
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are capable of programmed I/O and i
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Plug-in expansion boards are common
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50 mRS-232 Communication InterfaceS
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speeds are of the order of 1 Mbyte/
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14 Practical Data Acquisition for I
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3PC based data acquisition (DAQ) sy
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3.2.3 FilteringIsolation performs s
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The transfer characteristics of a p
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Figure 3.7Ideal band pass filter tr
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Figure 3.11Two-stage Butterworth fi
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As individual signal conditioning m
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ThermocouplesDigitalTransmitterDigi
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Examples of floating signal sources
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espect to the measurement system gr
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Figure 3.26Opto-coupler isolation o
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• Using isolation amplifiers to i
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Figure 3.31Physical representation
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field or if the field is caused by
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Where the shield is grounded (i.e.
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mines the amount of noise in the ci
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For full-duplex systems using balan
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4.1.1 DOSusually consist of a small
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With the advent of Windows as a gra
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UNIX shellSimilar to the DOS comman
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available to the expansion bus. A l
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4.2.7 Interrupt service routinesIt
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Whichever CPU is being used, it mus
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• An I/O device requests a DMA tr
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Normal DMA using on-board FIFOThe D
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ferring samples until the counter r
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The read or write command signals (
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Shortened 3-BCLK 8-bit memory acces
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Extended 6-BCLK 16-bit memory acces
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• A cycle which the expansion boa
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Figure 4.13Timing chart of a shorte
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Figure 4.15Timing chart of an exten
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4.7.2 Expanded memory system (EMS)E
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The IBM PC and early versions of th
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Figure 4.17ISA signal mnemonics, si
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data bus. An example of this happen
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NOWSThe /NOWS (NO wait state) signa
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interrupt lines (1RQ13, 8, 2, 1 and
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one application at a time, it is ne
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The need for PCs to exchange data w
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Figure 4.198-bit 21-line I/O board4
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Address decoding on the 24-line pro
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The write cycle is considered in th
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data acquisition and control system
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Adjustable on-board fixed gain ampl
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level applied at the input. When a
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Each step effectively divides the r
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The operation of a dual slope integ
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Code widthThis is the fundamental q
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(a) Unipolar offset error(b) Bipola
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Changes in temperature result in a
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1 LSB. Therefore, an ideal A/D conv
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• The source and level of interru
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5.3.3 Differential inputsTrue diffe
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A/D board can divide the input rang
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a) DC alias caused by sampling at h
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Figure 5.15Frequency spectrum of or
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ate be a minimum of about five time
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Figure 5.20Many aliases combined wi
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initiated. The data is subsequently
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Figure 5.22Time skew between channe
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For each burst trigger, the A/D boa
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Analog output D/A boardsUnlike high
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Like the weighted-current source ne
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The generation of high frequency si
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• The plug-in connector, which pr
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Latched digital I/OFor applications
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y increasing the resistance of R x
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One advantage of this type of relay
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Figure 5.36Waveforms showing genera
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When a counter is configured to ena
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6The standardization of the RS-232
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A duplex system is designed for sen
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Some examples of the HEX and BIN va
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In summary, the optional settings f
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At the RS-232 receiver the followin
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110 850300 800600 7001200 5002400 2
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• Pin 7: Signal ground (common)Th
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6.2.5 Examples of RS-232 interfaces
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terminating resistors, approximatel
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Another commonly used technique, ba
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• Line controlThis applies to hal
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The calculation of the block checks
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The mechanism of operation of the C
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Figure 6.18, has appropriate intern
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77.1 IntroductionAs with other form
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inserted in the device. This is its
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How frequently logged data is uploa
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The following hardware components d
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In a typical stand-alone data acqui
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The maximum battery life that can b
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Input termination resistors, typica
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Figure 7.13 shows the standard conn
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interface, even at high speed, the
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• Use different data formats so t
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Command errors are reported immedia
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• Channel scalingThis automatical
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The channel scan for this type of s
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Data is logged in a fixed non-ASCII
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7.9 Stand-alone logger/controllers
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88.1 IntroductionThe communications
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Figure 8.2GPIB connector (IEEE 488)
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• TalkersA talker is a one-way co
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controller in charge (CIC). The IFC
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Each device connected to the GPIB h
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One of the additional features that
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• The controller temporarily conf
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Table 8.4IEEE 488.2 commandsThe SCP
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Figure 8.9SCPI instrument modelThe
Page 270 and 271: 99.1 Ethernet and fieldbuses for da
Page 272 and 273: cabling tray etc and the transceive
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Page 276 and 277: Advantages of the system include:
Page 278 and 279: of a cell as well, but these are ig
Page 280 and 281: Figure 9.8CSMA/CD collisionsAssume
Page 282 and 283: • PreambleThis field consists of
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Page 286 and 287: Grounding has safety and noise conn
Page 288 and 289: Just as with any technology, each o
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Page 292 and 293: There are two types of connectors,
Page 294 and 295: HOSTClient SoftwareManages Interfac
Page 296 and 297: Figure 10.6USB connector pinsThere
Page 298 and 299: The idle states for low- and high-s
Page 300 and 301: The interrupt transfer type is used
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Page 304 and 305: • The sensitivity of the output/i
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Page 308 and 309: 11.2 Capturing high speed transient
Page 310 and 311: 12IntroductionThe PCMCIA (PCMCIA st
Page 312 and 313: adapter on a full size computer has
Page 314 and 315: Pager cards are used in offices and
Page 316 and 317: Size 85.6 mm × 54.0 mmType I 3.3 m
Page 318 and 319: The memory only interface is conver
Page 322 and 323: 12.8 FutureThe card information str
Page 324 and 325: A/D conversion timeAddressAddress r
Page 326 and 327: Back-planeBand pass filterBandwidth
Page 328 and 329: BufferBusBWCache memoryCCDCCIRCCITT
Page 330 and 331: pixel is subjected to a mathematica
Page 332 and 333: data between the computer memory an
Page 334 and 335: FrameFrame grabberFringingFull dupl
Page 336 and 337: so that they interlock. The PAL sta
Page 338 and 339: Lux-secondSI unit of light exposure
Page 340 and 341: NTSCNull modemNumber of channelsNyq
Page 342 and 343: PortPPIPre-triggerProgram I/OProgra
Page 344 and 345: whereby the first gray level of eac
Page 346 and 347: allowing the user to control basic
Page 348 and 349: input.TrunkUARTUnipolar inputsUnloa
Page 350 and 351: Appendix BThe information in this s
Page 352 and 353: Table B.4Controller 2: 16-bit (AT o
Page 354 and 355: B.5 8253/8254 Counter/timer
Page 356: Table B.8Memory map for PC/XT/AT
Page 359 and 360: Table B.10BIOS data area
Page 361 and 362: Table B.15ROMTable B.16AT extended
Page 363 and 364: ← ↔ ← ← ← ↔
Page 365 and 366: Figure B.1Card dimensions for PC/XT
Page 367 and 368: Appendix CThis section contains bri
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The bits A7 (MSB) down to A0 (LSB)
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Table C.6Instructions for reading o
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The program could also enable the I
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Group AConfiguration Informationto
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C.11 Single-bit set/resetAny of the
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Figure C.15Bi-directional bus (mode
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Figure D.18254 Block diagramFigure
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Figure D.3TCCTRL registerThe functi
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This is the data register of the fi
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• A simple read operation• A co
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The null count bit indicates if the
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For even counts: the output is init
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Appendix EThe IPTS-68 standard defi
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Number of ranges = 2Range #1 -270 t
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Range #2 0 to 1372°COrder of polyn
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Number of Ranges = 4Range #1 -50 to
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Appendix FF.1 IntroductionAll activ
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Table F.3 gives the conversion betw
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The conversion between binary and h
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F.8 Internal representation of info
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12 which is equivalent to: 1100-4 S
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DCDCASDCISDCLDDDIODTDTASDTISENDEOIE
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STBSTRSSWNST(T)TETACSTADSTAGTCATCST
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404 IndexDuplex:full duplex 178half
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406 IndexOpen loop control 285see a
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THIS BOOK WAS DEVELOPED BY IDC TECH
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