ENTOMOLOGY

158 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYaccumulations under loosely built platforms to be a fertile fly breedingcondition.Shipment of Manure.-When manure is shipped by car, the railroadsshould be required to rcmovc it promptly and the contractors should berequircd to unload promptly and distribute it in such a manner that itwill not be a sourcc of flies to thc community wherc it is unloadcd. Ifunavoidable q,elays do not permit prompt handling of this manurc, itshould bc trcatcd with borax watcr.Cleaning Up.-Wcll drain cd ccmcnt floors in stablcs are by all meansthe most sanitarv and lcnd themselvcs best to cleanlincss. If it isimpracticable to havc c~mcnt floors, the dirt floors should bc sloped todrain wcll and should bc madc hard by saturation with oil or mixingwith other s·oils which pack bettcr, as certain types of clay. The floorsshould be swept daily after removal of the manure, and sprinklcd with'borax watcr, or limcd. Frequcnt trcatment with a creosotc compoundis of valuc. Thc ground around hitching posts and pickct lincs becomessoggy with urine and manure, unless treated by digging up the soil forsevcral inches and saturating it with oil, and then tamping it hard.Stable yards should not be allowed to bccomc filled with manure. Theyshould be swept, or rakcd or scraped up daily and the manure removed(sec plate VII). A filthy stable yard may be thc sourcc of scourges offlies.Indneration.-When manure cannot be sold, chemically trcatcd,farmed out, or stacked to prevcnt fly brecding, it must be burned. Thisis often a neccssity in army cncampmcnts. In dry sections the windrowincineration may be practiced. The teams drop their loads in great,long windrows, the horses straddling thc rows. Thesc are spotted withoil and set afire. The wooden chim.ney windrow which was practiced atEdgewood Arscnal consists of a windrow of logs piled to form a horizontalchimney ovcr which thc manurc is piled and then fire is set to the wood.The hillside incilierator dcvised by Dr. Mann at Quantico, Virginia,consisting principally of iron rails and chicken wire screen or gratingsunder which a fire is burning, is practical for small camps. The hammockincinerator, a woven wire hammock or two suspc~ded ovcr a fire, willdo as a temporary cxpedient for a small detachment on temporary duty,or for field parties of hunters or investigators. Furnace incinerators canreduce the manure to an ash and save whatever is of value in the ash.Need of Rigid Inspecti(.Jn.-It is not only army camps that needto have a rigid inspcction system as regards manure disposal. Every citywhich has any regard for the public hcalth should insist on properinspection and regulation of stablcs and places whcre manure accumulates.It is not uncommon in many cities to sce boxes of manure in allcys swarm-