ENTOMOLOGY

DISEASES CAUSED OR CARR{ED BY MITES AND TICKS- 415Philippines, and AustraJla, according to various authors, and by Boophilusannulatus australis (microplus) in South America (Lignieres),and B. annulatus decoloratus and Rhipicephalus capensis Koch in Africa.Carpano (1915) suspects Hyalomma aegyptium (Linhaeus) Koch to bethe carrier of Babesia annulatum, a synonym of bo'Vis which is recordedas the causative organism of MEDITERRANEAN COAST FEVER OFCATTLE.''.rhe first contributions to the life history of this organism were madeby Smith and Kilborne. It is found in the blood of the animal hosts inthe first stage, being inside the red blood cells near its margin, and isnon-motile and pale. This single body develops incompletely into twosmall roundish bodies which are partially connected by a narrow interveningstrand. In the next stage the minute, double, rounded bodiesbecome enlarged and spindle-shaped. They probably remain attached,however. The two bodies enlarge uniformly and assume a pear-shapedappearance. At this stage of the life cycle, the disease is in its mostacute form. The parasites occupy nearly one-fourth of the body of thered blood cells and from 0.5 to 2 per cent of the red cells are usuallyInvaded. The blood cells finally break up, liberating the parasites whichmay be observed as free bodies in the circulation. The parasites aretaken up by the tick, according to Koch, in the red blood cells. In thebody of the tick the parasites leave the red cell and become long andclub-shaped. From the club pseudopodia project. This club then becomesspherical and immense numbers of amoeba-like forms appear, whichare said to grow into clubs. The disease can only be transmitted byseed ticks, that is, by the first stage of the tick. The adult tick whichsucked up the infected blood drops to the ground and lays its eggs. Theorganism passes into the eggs and is transmitted to other animals by theoffspring of the tick which became infected. The disease can be givento a host almost immediately after attachment. The tick remains onthe animal throughout its development (Mohler 1905).Babesia caballi (Nuttall), the cause of EQUINE BILIARY FEVER,is considered by Marzinowski and Bielitzer (1909)' to be carried by Dermacentorreticulatus (Fabricius) Koch in Russia. According to Valladares(1914), there is a possibility that Hyalomma aegyptium (Linnaeus)Koch is the carrier in India. •Babesia canis (Piana and Galli-Valerio) the cause of a CANINEBABESIASIS, also known as MALIGNANT JAUNDICE OF DOGS, istransmitted by several ticks. The life cycle has been traced in Rhipicepkalussanguineus (Latreille) Koch by Christophers in India (fig. 78).Lounsbury proved the transmission of the disease in South Africa byHaemaphysalis leachi (Audouin) Neumann. According to various authorsDermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius) Koch carried the disease in