ENTOMOLOGY

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RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE LIFE CYCLE OF FLUKESInsect HostAdult Fluke.Final BonColeopteraIlybius fuliginosus (Fabricius) (adult)Water beetle (larva)c, u: uHaplometra cylindraceaProsotocus confususPleurogene5 medians•• clavigerco,.LepidopteraNymphula nymph_ta (Liunret1s) (larva)DipteraAnopheles maculipennis Meigen (claviger Fabricius)(adult)Anopheles rossi Giles (adult)Chironomus plumosus Linnreus (larva)Culex quinquefasciatus Say (fatigan8 Wiedemann)(adult)TrichopteraAnabolia nervosa (Leach) CurtisAnaboUa nervosa (larva)ChEtopteryx villosa (Fabricius) (larva)Dl'I1sus tri6dus McLachlan (larva)Limnophilus rhombicus (Liunreus) (larva).. griseus (Linnreus) (larva).. lunatus (Curtis) (larva).. flavicornis (Fabricius) (larva)Mystacides nigra (Linnreus) (larva)Notidobia ciliaris (Liunreus) (Io.rva)Phryganea sp.Phryganea grandis (larva)Rhyacophila nubila Zetterstedt (larva)NeuropteraSialis lutaria (LiDDreus) (larva)OdonatalEschna (larva and adult)Agrion (larva)u .,cc'"Calopteryx virgo (LiDDreus).. .. (larva and adult)Coroulia (larva)Epi!;heca ..Unknown..Lecithodendrium ascidiaUnknownAllocreadium isoporumOpisthioglyphe rastellusAllocreo.dium isoporumUnknownOpisthioglyphe rastellus..Unknown....., .... ..Lecithodendrium chilostomumUnknownProsotocus confususGorgodera pagenstecheri.. varsovieusisPleurogenes mediansHalipegus ovocaudatusPneumon
60 SANITARY <strong>ENTOMOLOGY</strong>among insects introduces an equally troublesome complication into thestudy of the life histories of the heteroxenous nematodes parasitic inhigher animals, for whi,ch insects may serve as intermediate hosts. About~50 species of nematodes have been recorded as parasites of man anddomestic animals. Many of these require no intermediate hosts, butsome are heteroxenous parasites, and a number of these are known to haveintermediate stages in insects and closely related a'rthropods. In thefollowing discussion, in addition to the nematodes parasitic in man anddomestic animals, certain species parasitic in other animals are also consideredbecause of the part played by insects in their life history. Forconvenience they may be placed in two groups, (1) those in which theeggs or first-stage larvre leave the body of the final host in the feces, and(~) those in which the first-stage larvre occur in the blood or lymph ofthe final host and leave the body through ingestion by bloodsuckinginsects.1. Parasitic Nem.atodes Whose Eggs or Lar'tJa! Leave the Body of theFilnal Host in· the FecesProtoapirura muna (GmeHn, 1790) Seurat, 1915This nematode, parasitic in its adult stage in the stomach of variousspecies of rats and mice, is of special 'nterest historically as being thefirst parasite in whose transmission to its final host.an insect was foundto be concerned. Stein in 185~ recorded the presence of encysted nematodesin the larvre of meal beetles (Tenebrio molitor). Leuckart (1867)and Marchi (1867) fed eggs of Protoapirura muria (Spiroptera obtuaa)to meal beetle larvre and followed the development of the young nematodesup to the encysted stage found by Stein. This development is completedin about six weeks after ingestion of the eggs. The development to theadult stage was also followed in mice fed with the encysted nematodes frommeal worms. Johnston (1913) has recorded encysted nematode larvrewhich appeared to him identical with those of P. muna in the body cavityof a rat flea (Xenopsylla cheop;'s).Spirocerca sanguimoltmta (Rudolphi, 1819) Railliet & Henry, 1911The adults of this nematode live in -tumors of the stomach andesophagus of the dog and the wolf. The eggs ·unhatched pass out of thebody of the dog in the feces. Grassi (1888) found encysted larval n~matodesin cockroaches (Blatta orientalis) which he suspected were thelarvre of S. sanguinwlenta. Dogs fed with these encysted nematodes afterfive days showed the larVal free in the stomach; after ten days the youngworms were further developed and ~ere firmly attached to the mucosa
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s A N I T A R yENTOMOLOGYTHE ENTOMO
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The house or typhoid fly, Musca dom
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FOREWORDIN May, 1918, a class was f
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CONTENTSNEMATODA OR ROUNDWORMS •
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xiiCIIAPTEUCONTENTSGarbageExcretaCa
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xivCONTENTSCllAPTEBXX. LoUSE BOR.'i
Page 13: xviCHAPTERANIMAL ORGANISMS. • •
Page 17: xxCONTENTS BY AUTHORSMYIASIS. ITs P
Page 23 and 24: XXVIPLATI!ILIST OF PLATESXV. PUP.II
Page 25 and 26: ~o SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYlems of munic
Page 27 and 28: SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYcentipedes have
Page 29 and 30: SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYof action. For i
Page 31 and 32: 26 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYn. WHERE SHOU
Page 33 and 34: ~8 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY3. Can Insect
Page 35 and 36: 30 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYOn the other
Page 37 and 38: SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY8. Can the organ
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER IIIA General Survey of the
Page 41 and 42: 36 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYopen and buil
Page 43 and 44: 88 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY10. State Boa
Page 45 and 46: 40 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYSanitary insp
Page 47 and 48: SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYgrowing against
Page 49 and 50: 44 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYthat disease
Page 51 and 52: 46 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYFIG. l.-Cross
Page 53 and 54: 48 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYby hastily bu
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER VRelation of Insects to the
Page 57: SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYswallow the eggs
Page 60 and 61: RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE PARASITI
Page 72 and 73: .. RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE PARAS
Page 90 and 91: RELATiON OF INSECTS TO THE PARASITI
Page 96 and 97: RELATION OF INS~CTS TO THE PARASITI
Page 100 and 101: ,RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE PARASIT
Page 102 and 103: CHAPTER VIThe Relations of Climate
Page 104 and 105: RELATIONS OF CLIMATE AND LIFE 99rio
Page 106 and 107: RELATIONS OF CLIMATE AND LIFE 101MO
Page 108 and 109: RELATIONS OF CLIMATE AND LIFEthe bo
Page 110 and 111: CHAPTER VIIDiseases Borne by Non-Bi
Page 112 and 113: DISEASES BORNE BY NON-BITING FLIESt
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DISEASES BORNE BY NON-BITING FLIES
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DISEASES " BORNE BY NON-BITING FLIE
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DISEASES~ORNE BY NON-BITING FLIES 1
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PHASES IN THE LIFE HISTORY OF NON-B
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COMMON FLIES AND HOW TO TELL THEM A
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COMMON FLIES AND HOW TQ TELL THEM A
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COMMON FI.IES AND HOW TO TELL THEM
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CHAPTER XThe Control of the House F
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CONTROL OF THE HOUSE F~Y AND RELATE
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CONTROL OF THE HOUSE FLY AXD RELATE
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CONTROL OF THE HOUSE FLY AND RELATE
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•CONTROL OF THE HOUSE FLY AND REL
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CHAPTER XIControl of Flies in Barn
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CONTROL OF FLIES IN BARN YARDS AND
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CONTROL OF FLIES IN BARN YARDS AND
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!CONTROL OF FLIES IN BARN YARDS AND
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CHAPTER XIIMyiasis-..-Types of Inju
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}
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MYIASIS-TYPES OF INJURY, LIFE HISTO
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MYIASIS-TYPES OF INJURY, LIFE HIS'l
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MYIASIS-TYPES OF INJURY, LIF~ HISTO
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l\IYIASIS-TYPES OF INJUR~~IF.E HIST
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::\lYIASIS-ITS PREYENTION AND TREAT
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MYIASIS-ITS PRE\'ENTION AND TREATME
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MYIASIS-ITS PREVENTION AND TREATMEN
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MYIASIS-ITS PREVENTION AND TREATMEN
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CHAPTER XIVDiseases Transmitted by
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DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY BLOODSUCKIN
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DISEASES TRANS~lITTED BY BLOODSUCIH
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DISEASES TRANS~IITTED BY BLOODSUCKI
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CHAPTER XVBiological Notes on the B
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BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON BLOODSUCKING FL
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BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON BLOODSDCl{ING F
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BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON BLOODSUCKI~G FL
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BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF HORSE FLIES 2
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BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF HORSE FLIES !
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BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF HORSE FLIES l
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CHAPTER XVIIDiseases Transmitted by
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DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOESa
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DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOES
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DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOE..
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'VHAT WE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT MOSQUITO
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WHAT WE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT MOSQUITO
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CHAPTER XIXMosquito Control 1W. Dwi
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MOSQUITO CONTROLgro\v on the edge o
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MOSQUITO CONTROL !79squads to thoro
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MOSQUITO CONTROL 281quantity of saw
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MOSQUITO CONTROLundoubtedly some of
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MOSQUITO CONTROLl'l85BIBLIOGRAPHYBr
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES 287URTICARIA~-
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES~89II. TRANSl\f
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASEStermined. The a
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES 293one of thes
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES 295Mastigophor
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES 297Haemogregar
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASESHudson, A. C.,
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CHAPTER XXIThe Life History of Huma
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THE LIFE HISTORY OF HUl\lAN LICE 30
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THE LIFE HISTOHY UF HUMAN LICE 305P
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THE LIFE HISTORY OF HUMAN LICEhatch
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THE LIFE HISTORY OF HUMAN LICE 309a
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THE LIFE HISTORY OF HUMAN LICE 311l
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICEby mixing
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 315themse
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 317let it
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 819bathin
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 321a. For
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THE COXTROL OF HU:\lAN LICEor incre
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 3~534 (19
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICEa. Boil cl
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 3~9Fulton
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LICE WHICH AFFECT DOMESTIC ANIMALS
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LICE WHICH AFFECT DOMESTIC ANIMALSo
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LICE WHICH AFFECT DO}IESTIC ANDIALS
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.LICE WHICH AFFECT DOMESTIC ANLUALS
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LICE WHICH AFFECT DOM£STIC ANIMALS
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 351mice,
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 353trypan
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 855from c
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 357in fou
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 359Porter
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THE'", "IFE HISTORY AND CONTROL OF
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THE LIFE HISTORY AND CONTROL OF FLE
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THE LIFE HISTORY AND CONTROL OF :FL
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COCKROACHES 875When numerous they c
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COCKROACHES 377abdomen, the tegmina
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COCKROACHES 379the case of Blatta o
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Pyrethrwm PowderCOCKROACHES 381A sa
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CHAPTER XXVIIDiseases Transmitted b
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DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY THE COCKROA
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DISEA~ES TRANSMITTED BY THE COCKROA
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DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY THE COCKROA
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CHAPTER XXVIIIThe Bedbug and Other
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THE BEDBUG AND OTHER BLOODSUCKING B
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THE BEDBUG AND OTHER BLOODSUCKiNG B
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CHAPTER XXIXDiseases C~used or Carr
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DISEASES CAUSED OR CARRIED BY MITES
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DISEASES CAUSED OR CARRIED BY lVlIT
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DISEASES CAUSED OR CARR{ED BY MITES
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DISEASES CAUSED OR CARRIED BY l\HTE
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DISEASES CAUSED OR CARRIED BY MITE'
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THE BIOLOGIES AND HABITS OF TICKS 4
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TH~ BIOLOGIES AND HABITS OF TICKS 4
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THE BIOLOGIES AND HABITS OF ~{S 439
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CONTROL OF TICKS 441tick-infested c
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CONTROL OF TICKS 443addition of soa
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CONTROL OF TICI{S 445that it is alm
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CONTROL OF TICKS 447horse tick reqU
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CONTROL OF TICKS 449duced and the k
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FLIES AND LICE IN EGYPT 451there ar
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CHAPTER XXXIllInsects in Relation t
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INSECTS IN RELATION TO PACKING HOUS
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INSECTS IN RELATION TO PACKING HOUS
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INSECr_rS IN RELATION TO PACKING HO
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CHAPTER XXXIVInsect Poisonhg and Mi
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INSECT POISONING AND MISCELLANEOUS
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INSECT POISONING AND MISCELLANEUUS
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CHAPTER XXXVA Tabulation of Disease
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TABULATION OF DISEASES AND INSECT T
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~TABULATION OF DISEASES AND INSECT
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500 INDEXAMphele, sp., boU1IienBis,
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50!e INDEXBinucleata, 117-119, ~1~-
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504 INDEXCrickets, 78Orithidia call
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506 INDEXFebris quintana, 294Fevers
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508 INDEXHead louse (see Pediculus
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510 INDEXLtI'Ucocytozoo'n lavati, p
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512 INDEXNematode, mongoose, 486rod
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.514 INDEXProtomonadina, 117Protoll
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516 INDEXBpiropttJra obtlllla (see
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518 INDEXTrypanoBoma sp., trypanoso
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ENTOMOLOGY

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