ENTOMOLOGY

.!e10SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYsion of anthrax, the earliest being by Montfils in 1776. Hintermayer(1846) studied an epidemic which raged among the deer in the Park ofDuttstein. The horse flies; Tabanus bovVnus Loew, Haemotopota plu­'Vialis (Linnaeus), and Chrysops coecutiens (Linnaeus) assembled usuallyin thousands on the carcasses of the fallen animals and sucked the profluviawhich escaped from the mouth, nose, and vent. Leaving the bodiesthey immediately sought the healthy animals, thrust their proboscidessoiled with the virus into the skin and in ~his way inoculated the poisonof the disease. Mitzmain (1914) proved that Tabanus striatus Fabriciusand the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus, can transmit the diseaseby their bites. Schuberg and Kuhn (1912) transferred anthrax infectionfrom a cadaver to a living animal through the bite of Stomoxys calcitrana.Morris (1918) working on anthrax in Louisiana proved that thehorn fly Lyperosia irritans Linnaeus (H aematobia) when biting an infectedguinea pig four hours or less before its death and up to fifteenminutes after death can transmit infection. One hundred and eightyfourexperiments on different guinea pigs' were made during these timelimits and infection was conveyed in 34 per cent of the cases. Forly.experiments outside of these time limits were unsuccessful. One out oftwo tests with the flies feeding on an infected sheep thirty minutes beforedeath yielded infection in a guinea pig, and all tests of biting in the quarterhours before and after death of the sheep yielded infection in guineapIgS.He also tested a species of Tabanus and proved transmission in 40per cent of 70 cases in which the flies bit between four hours before deathand five minutes after death. Virulent cultures of anthrax were obtainediII nature by Morris from Tabanus atratus Fabricius caught feeding ona carcass. This species will feed on a carcass tJIirty minutes or moreafter death.He likewis~ determined the spores in the feces of the Lyperosia up tosix hours after feeding, of the Tabanus one to twelve hours afterfeeding, and of mosquitoes 48 to 72 hours after feeding.The above cited evidence should be sufficient to emphasize the absolutenecessity of isolating and protecting from bloodsucking insects, animalssick with anthrax. Valuable animals should likewise be kept in screenedbuildings during outbreaks of the disease.Thallophyta: Fungi: Schizomycetes: CoccaceaeStaphylococcus pyogenes albus and a1breUS Rosenbach, the causative'Organisms of various types of SEPTICAEMIA, were obtained by J oly{1898) from a Tabanus on a heifer near a municipal vaccine station.