ENTOMOLOGY

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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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DISEASES CAUSED OR CARRIED BY MITES AND TICKS 4231i.".N ..'"ML S. .... ArTA ..... H" .. II, R. ..... n.~teONo NYMP'HAL. STili. ATr .... CAs HO'I1' m.ANDo...o., O"REPI.£TE.TICKLIFECYCLE-TYPE IL"E C.,CLE 0' ARGI\S PEftSICU5,I\LSOPROIII'BLVA"f.FLElIUS.AV£S.EATILIONIS AND ..... 01MlRSP[ClES.rAAIJ4SA •• O ..'n.o._.(A .. Trlt.Nu,.TALL" '911)FIG. 80.MALE lIVtS ONFEMALE UVES ONTICKLlfECYCLE-~YPEHTil! LirE CYCle arORNITHODOROS MOUBATUND tlSAYI;NYI.(A.TC"NUT,.M ... 1911)F'G.81.
SANITARY ENTOMOI,OGYSUMMAllYA good idea of the diversity of life cycle and of the interrelationshipof the tick to its host and its parasite can be obtained by a comparisonof the life cycles of HlI!1nogregarina canis and Babesia canis, both ofwhich pass their cycle of sporogony in the dog 'tick Rhipicephalus sanguineusand their cycle of schizogony in the dog. Two charts are presentedto illustrate the life cycles .of these two parasites (figs. 78, 79).!t will be noticed that a ifi!"t~in tick, taking up both ?f these parasites inIts nymphal stage from a given dog, would collltnU!)lcate the Hremogregarinato its adult host, bt;'t tIle Babesia would not be transmitted until thetick's offspring had reached the adult stage, possibly on the third dog hostof the offspring. The best way in which to understand how ticks can carry .disease organisms is to study the types of life cycles which were worked outby Nuttall, and charts of which are presented. In the first type (fig. 80),found in various species of the genera Argas and Ornithodoros, th~leare one larval host, two nymphal hosts, and an indefinite number of adulthosts. Thus, it is apparent th~t organisms which can be taken up byanyone of these stages can be tran~mitted to quite a number of otherhosts by the same tick.In type two (fig. 81) there is no larval host but there are fivenymphal hosts and any number of adult hosts. This type is found inOrnithodoros moub'aJa and 0.· s~vignyi .. . n is therefore, apparent thatthe diseases transmitted by thcs~.ticks. can be conveyed to a number ofsuccessive hosts by the same tick.The third type (fig. 82), found in the genera Ixodes, Hremaphysalis,Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus, and Amblyomma, consists of a developmentwith just tht:ee hosts, onc for the larva, one for the nymph, and one forthe adult. Therefore, if the parasite is taken up by the nymph it maybe transmitted to the host of the adult, but ·if the parasite is taken upby the adult, it must either die or be transmitted hereditarily by the offspringof the tick.Type four (fig. 83), found in Rhipicephalu.s evertsi and HyalommalI!gyptium, consists of a development with only two hosts. The larvadevelops into a nymph on the host and the nymph drops lvhen replete.It reattaches as an adult. The possibilities of transmission are similarto those in type three, but tend more toward hJ!rcditary transmission.Type five (fig. 84), represented by the genus Boophilus, has onlyone host. The larva attaches and goes through its entire transformationon the host. It is, therefore, apparent that any organism transmittedby these ticks must be transmitted hereditarily.Type six (fig. 85) is similar in that there is but one host. It is representedby Ornithodoros megnini, which i_s on the host during its larval
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s A N I T A R yENTOMOLOGYTHE ENTOMO
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The house or typhoid fly, Musca dom
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FOREWORDIN May, 1918, a class was f
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CONTENTSNEMATODA OR ROUNDWORMS •
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xiiCIIAPTEUCONTENTSGarbageExcretaCa
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xivCONTENTSCllAPTEBXX. LoUSE BOR.'i
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xviCHAPTERANIMAL ORGANISMS. • •
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xxCONTENTS BY AUTHORSMYIASIS. ITs P
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XXVIPLATI!ILIST OF PLATESXV. PUP.II
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~o SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYlems of munic
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SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYcentipedes have
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SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYof action. For i
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26 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYn. WHERE SHOU
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~8 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY3. Can Insect
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30 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYOn the other
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SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY8. Can the organ
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CHAPTER IIIA General Survey of the
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36 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYopen and buil
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88 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY10. State Boa
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40 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYSanitary insp
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SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYgrowing against
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44 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYthat disease
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46 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYFIG. l.-Cross
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48 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYby hastily bu
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CHAPTER VRelation of Insects to the
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SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYswallow the eggs
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RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE PARASITI
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RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE LIFE CYC
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.. RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE PARAS
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RELATiON OF INSECTS TO THE PARASITI
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RELATION OF INS~CTS TO THE PARASITI
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,RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE PARASIT
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CHAPTER VIThe Relations of Climate
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RELATIONS OF CLIMATE AND LIFE 99rio
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RELATIONS OF CLIMATE AND LIFE 101MO
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RELATIONS OF CLIMATE AND LIFEthe bo
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CHAPTER VIIDiseases Borne by Non-Bi
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DISEASES BORNE BY NON-BITING FLIESt
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DISEASES BORNE BY NON-BITING FLIES
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DISEASES " BORNE BY NON-BITING FLIE
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DISEASES~ORNE BY NON-BITING FLIES 1
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PHASES IN THE LIFE HISTORY OF NON-B
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COMMON FLIES AND HOW TO TELL THEM A
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COMMON FLIES AND HOW TQ TELL THEM A
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COMMON FI.IES AND HOW TO TELL THEM
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CHAPTER XThe Control of the House F
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CONTROL OF THE HOUSE F~Y AND RELATE
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CONTROL OF THE HOUSE FLY AXD RELATE
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CONTROL OF THE HOUSE FLY AND RELATE
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•CONTROL OF THE HOUSE FLY AND REL
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CHAPTER XIControl of Flies in Barn
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CONTROL OF FLIES IN BARN YARDS AND
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CONTROL OF FLIES IN BARN YARDS AND
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!CONTROL OF FLIES IN BARN YARDS AND
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CHAPTER XIIMyiasis-..-Types of Inju
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}
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MYIASIS-TYPES OF INJURY, LIFE HISTO
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MYIASIS-TYPES OF INJURY, LIFE HIS'l
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MYIASIS-TYPES OF INJURY, LIF~ HISTO
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l\IYIASIS-TYPES OF INJUR~~IF.E HIST
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::\lYIASIS-ITS PREYENTION AND TREAT
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MYIASIS-ITS PRE\'ENTION AND TREATME
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MYIASIS-ITS PREVENTION AND TREATMEN
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MYIASIS-ITS PREVENTION AND TREATMEN
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CHAPTER XIVDiseases Transmitted by
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DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY BLOODSUCKIN
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DISEASES TRANS~lITTED BY BLOODSUCIH
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DISEASES TRANS~IITTED BY BLOODSUCKI
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CHAPTER XVBiological Notes on the B
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BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON BLOODSUCKING FL
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BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON BLOODSDCl{ING F
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BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON BLOODSUCKI~G FL
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BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF HORSE FLIES 2
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BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF HORSE FLIES !
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BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF HORSE FLIES l
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CHAPTER XVIIDiseases Transmitted by
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DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOESa
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DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOES
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DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOE..
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'VHAT WE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT MOSQUITO
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WHAT WE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT MOSQUITO
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CHAPTER XIXMosquito Control 1W. Dwi
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MOSQUITO CONTROLgro\v on the edge o
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MOSQUITO CONTROL !79squads to thoro
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MOSQUITO CONTROL 281quantity of saw
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MOSQUITO CONTROLundoubtedly some of
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MOSQUITO CONTROLl'l85BIBLIOGRAPHYBr
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES 287URTICARIA~-
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES~89II. TRANSl\f
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASEStermined. The a
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES 293one of thes
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES 295Mastigophor
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES 297Haemogregar
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASESHudson, A. C.,
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CHAPTER XXIThe Life History of Huma
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THE LIFE HISTORY OF HUl\lAN LICE 30
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THE LIFE HISTOHY UF HUMAN LICE 305P
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THE LIFE HISTORY OF HUMAN LICEhatch
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THE LIFE HISTORY OF HUMAN LICE 309a
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THE LIFE HISTORY OF HUMAN LICE 311l
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICEby mixing
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 315themse
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 317let it
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 819bathin
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 321a. For
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THE COXTROL OF HU:\lAN LICEor incre
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 3~534 (19
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICEa. Boil cl
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 3~9Fulton
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LICE WHICH AFFECT DOMESTIC ANIMALS
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LICE WHICH AFFECT DOMESTIC ANIMALSo
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LICE WHICH AFFECT DO}IESTIC ANDIALS
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.LICE WHICH AFFECT DOMESTIC ANLUALS
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LICE WHICH AFFECT DOM£STIC ANIMALS
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 351mice,
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 353trypan
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 855from c
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 357in fou
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 359Porter
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THE'", "IFE HISTORY AND CONTROL OF
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THE LIFE HISTORY AND CONTROL OF FLE
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THE LIFE HISTORY AND CONTROL OF :FL
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Page 382 and 383: COCKROACHES 377abdomen, the tegmina
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Page 386 and 387: Pyrethrwm PowderCOCKROACHES 381A sa
Page 388 and 389: CHAPTER XXVIIDiseases Transmitted b
Page 390 and 391: DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY THE COCKROA
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Page 396 and 397: CHAPTER XXVIIIThe Bedbug and Other
Page 398 and 399: THE BEDBUG AND OTHER BLOODSUCKING B
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Page 408 and 409: CHAPTER XXIXDiseases C~used or Carr
Page 410 and 411: DISEASES CAUSED OR CARRIED BY MITES
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Page 436 and 437: THE BIOLOGIES AND HABITS OF TICKS 4
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Page 444 and 445: THE BIOLOGIES AND HABITS OF ~{S 439
Page 446 and 447: CONTROL OF TICKS 441tick-infested c
Page 448 and 449: CONTROL OF TICKS 443addition of soa
Page 450 and 451: CONTROL OF TICI{S 445that it is alm
Page 452 and 453: CONTROL OF TICKS 447horse tick reqU
Page 454 and 455: CONTROL OF TICKS 449duced and the k
Page 456 and 457: FLIES AND LICE IN EGYPT 451there ar
Page 458 and 459: CHAPTER XXXIllInsects in Relation t
Page 460 and 461: INSECTS IN RELATION TO PACKING HOUS
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Page 464 and 465: INSECr_rS IN RELATION TO PACKING HO
Page 466 and 467: CHAPTER XXXIVInsect Poisonhg and Mi
Page 468 and 469: INSECT POISONING AND MISCELLANEOUS
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CHAPTER XXXVA Tabulation of Disease
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TABULATION OF DISEASES AND INSECT T
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~TABULATION OF DISEASES AND INSECT
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500 INDEXAMphele, sp., boU1IienBis,
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50!e INDEXBinucleata, 117-119, ~1~-
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504 INDEXCrickets, 78Orithidia call
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506 INDEXFebris quintana, 294Fevers
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508 INDEXHead louse (see Pediculus
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510 INDEXLtI'Ucocytozoo'n lavati, p
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512 INDEXNematode, mongoose, 486rod
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.514 INDEXProtomonadina, 117Protoll
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516 INDEXBpiropttJra obtlllla (see
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518 INDEXTrypanoBoma sp., trypanoso
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