ENTOMOLOGY

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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF HORSE FLIES 237The larval stage of most species is passed in the ground, and ll.certain degree of moisture is necessary for proper growth and development.JUost species !equire very wet, or saturated soil, others are ableto develop in moderately moist earth.EGGS .AND EGG LAYINGThe eggs are deposited by the female fly in clumps of several hundredeach, on vegetation, rocks, or other objects overhanging suitable placesfor development of the larvre. When the eggs hatch, the young larvredrop to the soil or water beneath and disappear from sight. Here theyremain for several months, sometimes for one or two years, when, afterpassing through a short pupal period, they emerge as adult lfIies.In some cases the .egg mass as well as the place of oviposition is·characteristic of the species, and renders identification easy, once theobserver sees one of which he knows the identity.In the Sierra Nevada Mlountains of Eastern California where I han!been studying tabanids for the past two years, the egg masses of the twomost important species are very easily distinguished. '.rhe egg mass ofTabanus pwnctifer Osten Sacken is oblong, somewhat pyramidal in shape,and about the size of the end of a man's little finger (plate XX, fig. 1).It is usually deposited-upon a bull rush or coarse grass stem, and fromone to three feet above the surface of the soil or water. When deposited,as is the case with all horse fly eggs, the mass is milk white. In a day or80, however, the color darkens to a mottled gray and white. Eggs of thisspecies arc found most abundantly along lake shores. The egg mass ofTabanus phaenops Osten Sacken is to be found on grass blades, threeor four inches above the soil in swampy places in meadows. This mass isconsiderably smaller than that of Tabanus pwnctifer, is elongate, andusually contains but two layers of eggs, while t.he other species usuallyhas about fi,'e layers. The egg mass of T. phaenops is black a day ortwo after oviposition. This mass is inconspicuous and extremely hard tolocate in nature.In the Egyptian Sudan, Harold King found the eggs of Tabanuskingi Austen deposited in rounded masses on rocks rising from the edgeof a stream, generally overhanging the water, and from 6 inches to 15inches above the water level. He also found the masses of Tabanusditaeniatus Macquart on grass growing in rain pools. The shape of theegg mass of this species was variable,-some being long and narrow,others short and broad. The same worker secured ovipositions ofTabanus par Walker in a cage, on the under sides of leaves of a waterweed growing in a vessel of water. He also secured the egg masses ofTabanus taeniola Palisot de Beauvois, the tabanid most frequently
~38 SANITARY <strong>ENTOMOLOGY</strong>PLATE XX.-TabanU8 punctifer. Fig. 1 (upper left).-Egg masses on grass. Fig.2 (upper center).-Larva, dorsal view. Fig. 3 (upper right).-Larva, lateralview. Fig. 4 (lower left).-Pupa, lateral view. Fig. 5 (lower right).-Pupa,ventral view. (Webb, photos by Dovener.)
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s A N I T A R yENTOMOLOGYTHE ENTOMO
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The house or typhoid fly, Musca dom
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FOREWORDIN May, 1918, a class was f
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CONTENTSNEMATODA OR ROUNDWORMS •
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xiiCIIAPTEUCONTENTSGarbageExcretaCa
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xivCONTENTSCllAPTEBXX. LoUSE BOR.'i
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xviCHAPTERANIMAL ORGANISMS. • •
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xxCONTENTS BY AUTHORSMYIASIS. ITs P
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XXVIPLATI!ILIST OF PLATESXV. PUP.II
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~o SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYlems of munic
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SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYcentipedes have
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SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYof action. For i
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26 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYn. WHERE SHOU
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~8 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY3. Can Insect
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30 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYOn the other
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SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY8. Can the organ
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CHAPTER IIIA General Survey of the
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36 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYopen and buil
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88 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY10. State Boa
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40 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYSanitary insp
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SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYgrowing against
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44 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYthat disease
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46 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYFIG. l.-Cross
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48 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYby hastily bu
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CHAPTER VRelation of Insects to the
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SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYswallow the eggs
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RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE PARASITI
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RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE LIFE CYC
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.. RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE PARAS
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RELATiON OF INSECTS TO THE PARASITI
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RELATION OF INS~CTS TO THE PARASITI
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,RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE PARASIT
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CHAPTER VIThe Relations of Climate
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RELATIONS OF CLIMATE AND LIFE 99rio
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RELATIONS OF CLIMATE AND LIFE 101MO
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RELATIONS OF CLIMATE AND LIFEthe bo
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CHAPTER VIIDiseases Borne by Non-Bi
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DISEASES BORNE BY NON-BITING FLIESt
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DISEASES BORNE BY NON-BITING FLIES
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DISEASES " BORNE BY NON-BITING FLIE
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DISEASES~ORNE BY NON-BITING FLIES 1
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PHASES IN THE LIFE HISTORY OF NON-B
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COMMON FLIES AND HOW TO TELL THEM A
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COMMON FLIES AND HOW TQ TELL THEM A
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COMMON FI.IES AND HOW TO TELL THEM
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CHAPTER XThe Control of the House F
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CONTROL OF THE HOUSE F~Y AND RELATE
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CONTROL OF THE HOUSE FLY AXD RELATE
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CONTROL OF THE HOUSE FLY AND RELATE
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•CONTROL OF THE HOUSE FLY AND REL
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CHAPTER XIControl of Flies in Barn
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CONTROL OF FLIES IN BARN YARDS AND
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CONTROL OF FLIES IN BARN YARDS AND
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!CONTROL OF FLIES IN BARN YARDS AND
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CHAPTER XIIMyiasis-..-Types of Inju
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}
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MYIASIS-TYPES OF INJURY, LIFE HISTO
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Page 192 and 193: MYIASIS-TYPES OF INJURY, LIFE HISTO
Page 196 and 197: MYIASIS-TYPES OF INJURY, LIFE HIS'l
Page 200 and 201: MYIASIS-TYPES OF INJURY, LIF~ HISTO
Page 202 and 203: l\IYIASIS-TYPES OF INJUR~~IF.E HIST
Page 206 and 207: ::\lYIASIS-ITS PREYENTION AND TREAT
Page 208 and 209: MYIASIS-ITS PRE\'ENTION AND TREATME
Page 210 and 211: MYIASIS-ITS PREVENTION AND TREATMEN
Page 212 and 213: MYIASIS-ITS PREVENTION AND TREATMEN
Page 214 and 215: CHAPTER XIVDiseases Transmitted by
Page 216 and 217: DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY BLOODSUCKIN
Page 220 and 221: DISEASES TRANS~lITTED BY BLOODSUCIH
Page 226 and 227: DISEASES TRANS~IITTED BY BLOODSUCKI
Page 228 and 229: CHAPTER XVBiological Notes on the B
Page 230 and 231: BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON BLOODSUCKING FL
Page 232 and 233: BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON BLOODSDCl{ING F
Page 236 and 237: BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON BLOODSUCKI~G FL
Page 244 and 245: BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF HORSE FLIES 2
Page 246 and 247: BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF HORSE FLIES 2
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Page 250 and 251: BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF HORSE FLIES l
Page 252 and 253: CHAPTER XVIIDiseases Transmitted by
Page 254 and 255: DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOESa
Page 256 and 257: DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOES
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Page 272 and 273: 'VHAT WE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT MOSQUITO
Page 274 and 275: WHAT WE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT MOSQUITO
Page 280 and 281: CHAPTER XIXMosquito Control 1W. Dwi
Page 282 and 283: MOSQUITO CONTROLgro\v on the edge o
Page 284 and 285: MOSQUITO CONTROL !79squads to thoro
Page 286 and 287: MOSQUITO CONTROL 281quantity of saw
Page 288 and 289: MOSQUITO CONTROLundoubtedly some of
Page 290 and 291: MOSQUITO CONTROLl'l85BIBLIOGRAPHYBr
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES 287URTICARIA~-
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES~89II. TRANSl\f
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASEStermined. The a
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES 293one of thes
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES 295Mastigophor
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASES 297Haemogregar
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LOUSE BORNE DISEASESHudson, A. C.,
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CHAPTER XXIThe Life History of Huma
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THE LIFE HISTORY OF HUl\lAN LICE 30
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THE LIFE HISTOHY UF HUMAN LICE 305P
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THE LIFE HISTORY OF HUMAN LICEhatch
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THE LIFE HISTORY OF HUMAN LICE 309a
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THE LIFE HISTORY OF HUMAN LICE 311l
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICEby mixing
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 315themse
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 317let it
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 819bathin
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 321a. For
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THE COXTROL OF HU:\lAN LICEor incre
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 3~534 (19
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICEa. Boil cl
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THE CONTROL OF HUMAN LICE 3~9Fulton
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LICE WHICH AFFECT DOMESTIC ANIMALS
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LICE WHICH AFFECT DOMESTIC ANIMALSo
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LICE WHICH AFFECT DO}IESTIC ANDIALS
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.LICE WHICH AFFECT DOMESTIC ANLUALS
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LICE WHICH AFFECT DOM£STIC ANIMALS
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 351mice,
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 353trypan
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 855from c
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 357in fou
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DISEASES CARRIED BY FLEAS 359Porter
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THE'", "IFE HISTORY AND CONTROL OF
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THE LIFE HISTORY AND CONTROL OF FLE
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THE LIFE HISTORY AND CONTROL OF :FL
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COCKROACHES 875When numerous they c
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COCKROACHES 377abdomen, the tegmina
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COCKROACHES 379the case of Blatta o
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Pyrethrwm PowderCOCKROACHES 381A sa
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CHAPTER XXVIIDiseases Transmitted b
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DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY THE COCKROA
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DISEA~ES TRANSMITTED BY THE COCKROA
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DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY THE COCKROA
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CHAPTER XXVIIIThe Bedbug and Other
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THE BEDBUG AND OTHER BLOODSUCKING B
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THE BEDBUG AND OTHER BLOODSUCKiNG B
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CHAPTER XXIXDiseases C~used or Carr
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DISEASES CAUSED OR CARRIED BY MITES
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DISEASES CAUSED OR CARRIED BY lVlIT
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DISEASES CAUSED OR CARR{ED BY MITES
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DISEASES CAUSED OR CARRIED BY l\HTE
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DISEASES CAUSED OR CARRIED BY MITE'
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THE BIOLOGIES AND HABITS OF TICKS 4
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TH~ BIOLOGIES AND HABITS OF TICKS 4
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THE BIOLOGIES AND HABITS OF ~{S 439
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CONTROL OF TICKS 441tick-infested c
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CONTROL OF TICKS 443addition of soa
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CONTROL OF TICI{S 445that it is alm
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CONTROL OF TICKS 447horse tick reqU
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CONTROL OF TICKS 449duced and the k
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FLIES AND LICE IN EGYPT 451there ar
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CHAPTER XXXIllInsects in Relation t
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INSECTS IN RELATION TO PACKING HOUS
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INSECTS IN RELATION TO PACKING HOUS
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INSECr_rS IN RELATION TO PACKING HO
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CHAPTER XXXIVInsect Poisonhg and Mi
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INSECT POISONING AND MISCELLANEOUS
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INSECT POISONING AND MISCELLANEUUS
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CHAPTER XXXVA Tabulation of Disease
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TABULATION OF DISEASES AND INSECT T
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~TABULATION OF DISEASES AND INSECT
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500 INDEXAMphele, sp., boU1IienBis,
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50!e INDEXBinucleata, 117-119, ~1~-
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504 INDEXCrickets, 78Orithidia call
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506 INDEXFebris quintana, 294Fevers
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508 INDEXHead louse (see Pediculus
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510 INDEXLtI'Ucocytozoo'n lavati, p
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512 INDEXNematode, mongoose, 486rod
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.514 INDEXProtomonadina, 117Protoll
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516 INDEXBpiropttJra obtlllla (see
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518 INDEXTrypanoBoma sp., trypanoso
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ENTOMOLOGY

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