ENTOMOLOGY

48 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYby hastily built incinerators, or the manure stacked and treated to kill:flies. Ditches and standing water cannot be drained. They must betreated to kill insect life in them. Temporary hospitals abound andmust be protected from flies and vermin. The men sleep out of doorsor in scanty shelters, even in pig pens, barns, etc., wherever they ca8find shelter in inclement weather.'Insect infestation in these must be reduced to a minimum. W'hen liceabound, hastily constructed devices must be installed or the clothingtreated by chemicals. The trenches and dugouts have to be sprayed withcreosote oils to keep away flies and kill vermin. Terrible stenches arisefrom dead bodies and these' must be buried or treated to prevent flybreeding. In other words, everything here must be done hastily but.~o~~ :otmOf(FIG. 7.-Urine soakage pit, in cross section (Mann's modification from Lelean).effectively, for tomorrow the work may have to be done all over somewherebeyond or behind. The larger the body of men assembled and thegreater the carnage, the more serious the diseases of all kinds andespecially those carried by insects.In the great European War the greatest diseases were those borneby lice. In fact there is plenty of evidence that lo.use-borne diseaseshave been among the worst in many wars of the past. Three seriousdiseases which ravaged the trenches are carried only by lice,-typhusfever, trench fever, and European relapsing fever. Millions of theSerbian nation were wiped out by typhus fever. The Roumanian nationwas swept by typhus and relapsing fever. Russia, Germany, Austria andFrance suffered terribly from these louse-borne diseases. Trench feverspread back from the trenches into the cities. And yet all of thesediseases can be controlled absolutely by suppressing the lice. It is easyto see how serious it is if a case of any of these diseases enters the