ENTOMOLOGY

418 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGYand De1"TlUJcmtor nitens Neumann. It is also recorded from Hyalommaaegyptiu.m (Linnaeus) Koch by Carpano (1915) and Dermacmtor reticu.latus(Fabricius) Koch (Doflein 1911). The ticks do not produce aninfection during the first two days after they have taken up the infectiveorganism. They may transmit th~ organism in the instar following thatin which they ingested the blood containing the organisms.Mastigophora: SpirodTuztacca: SpirocTUl:titIaSpiroschaudilnnia sp. (duttoni Brumpt, not Novy and Knapp), thecause of ABYSSINIAN RELAPSlNG FEVER, was transmitted byBrumpt to monkeys, rats, and mice by means of Ornithodoros savignyi(Audouin) Koch.Spiroschaudinnia anacrina (Saccharoff), the cause of GOOSESPIROCHAETOSIS, Transcaucasia, is carried by .4. rgas persicus(Oken) Fischer Von Waldheim (Saccharoff 1891).Spiroschaudinnia duttoni (Novy and Knapp), the cause of RE­LAPSING FEVER of tropical and west Africa, is hereditarily transmittedby Ornithodoros mouhata (Murray) Pocock. The transmissionby this tick was first proven by Dutton and Todd in 1905. Many othershave corroborated this. MoIlers in 1907 showed that infected ticks, fedsuccessively on six cleari animals, after each feed may lay a batch ofinfected eggs. The ticks hatched from these eggs are capable of conveyingthe infection to the animals they feed upon. Moreover, not onlyis the infection carried through the second generation, but also throughtheir offspring, ticks of the third generation being found to be infectiveeven though their parents have never fed on an infected animal. Schubergand Manteufel (1910) and Hindle (1911) found that about SO per centof the ticks are immune to spirochaetal infection. In man the parasiteis ribbon-shaped on transverse section and though it is in spirals, maybe simply waved. A narrow undulating membrane is sometimes present.Reproduction is by longitudinal as well as transverse fission and also bygranular formation. The latter method occurs just before the crisis,when the blood is swarming with parasites. They are then to be seencoiling themselves up in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver, and becomingsurrounded by a thin cyst \vall. In this cyst the parasite. becomes moreand more indistinct and breaks up into filterable granules.Leishman found that when the organism finds its way into the intestinalsac of the tick it loses its mobility and characteristic appearance,and chromatic masses escape into the lumen of the gut in the form ofsmall rods or rounded bodies. These multiply and pass into the cells ofthe Malpighian tubules. Hindle found the spirochaetes ahvays presentin the gut of infectelf ticks, often in the Malpighian tubules and sexual