ENTOMOLOGY

~96 SANIT.ARY ENTOMOLOGYinsect are so minute that they have not yet been demonstrated. Theorganism Spiroschaudirnnia bttrbera Sergent and Foley is considered as a .. biological species, not morphologically separable from S. recurrentis.Spiroschaudinnia 'l"ecurrentis (Lebert) causes EUROPEAN RE­LAPSING FEVER. Although many authors consider the above mentionedrelapsing fevers as identical with the European fever, the evidenceof louse transmission was' slow in coming. Manteufel (1907) found thatthe rat louse, Polyplax spinulosus, may carry the disease from rat torat, and suggested that possibly Pediculus corporis could carry it toman. Other authors made similar suggestions. Finally Toyada (1914)found crushed lice infective for mice up to three days after they had fedon infective blood. Since the outbreak of the great war the convictionof the role of the louse as a vector of European relapsing fever has becomevery strong. In fact repressive measures used in Roumania againstthe louse were effective against the fever. This disease can also be carriedby the bedbug, Cime:c lectulam.u.Spiroschaudinnia duttoni (Novy and Knapp) causes RELAPSINGFEVER OF TROPICAL AFRICA which normally is transmitted to manby the tick Ornit1wdoros moubata, but Neumann (1909) found that itcould occasionally be transmitted from rat to rat by means of the ratlouse, Polyplax spin'ldosus.Spiroschaudimmia sp., cause· of MANCHURIAN RELAPSINGFEVER, is claimed by Toyada (1917) to be transmitted by lice.Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae (Inada !lnd Ido) causes INFEC­TIVE OR EPIDEMIC JAUNDICE, also known as Weil's disease whichis infective to man and rats. In the European trenches the rat is regardedas the reservoir of the disease. The spirochaete is excreted byway of the urine or feces of rats or men and is consequently easily communicatedthrough the trenches. It is readily communicated throughthe mouth or through abrasions in the skin (Dawson, Hume and Bedson,1917). Stokes conducted negative experiments with Pediculus corporia,but these experiments were not directed toward obtaining infec~tion through crushing or scratching lice or feces into abrasions of theskin. This phase of the subject will bear further investigation especiallysince Dietrich (1917) declares that the disease can be carried byPediculus corporis.Telosporidia: Haemogregarinida: HaemogregarinidaeHaemogregarina (H epatozoon) gerbilli (Christophers) cause of theANEMIA OF THE JERBOA, Gerbillus indicus in India, is believedby Christophcrs (1905) to pass its cycle of sporogony in the rat lousePolypla3J stephe.nsi C. and N: