Manual of basic techniques for a health laboratory - libdoc.who.int

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94 Manual of basic techniques for a health laboratorySex: FNature of specimen: UrineDate of collection: 9.7.01Examinations required:WHO 99073Fig. 3.74 Wrap the request form around the metal tube containing the specimenSex: FNature of specimen: UrineDate of collection: 9.7.01Examinations required:WHO 99074Fig. 3.75 Label the box containing the specimen
3. General laboratory procedures 953.7.2 Fixation and dispatch of biopsy specimens forhistopathological examinationBiopsy specimensTo diagnose certain diseases of the organs, the physician removes a piece of tissuewith forceps or a special scalpel. This piece of tissue is called a biopsy specimen. It isexamined under the microscope after a thin section has been cut and treated witha special stain.HistopathologyThe cells of biopsy specimens from tissues and organs can be studied under themicroscope. This type of examination is called histopathology and can be mostimportant, particularly for the diagnosis of cancer.The laboratory technician must be able to fix the biopsy specimen and to ensurethat it is properly dispatched and arrives at the pathology laboratory in a good stateof preservation.Fixation of biopsy specimensThe piece of tissue is immersed in a fixative fluid. This procedure should preservethe tissue in a state as close to the living state as possible, by protecting it againstbacterial action, autolysis, shrinkage, etc.The most suitable type of bottle for biopsy specimens is a plastic-capped bottlewith a wide mouth (pill bottle). Such bottles are obtainable in 60-ml, 45-ml, 30-mland 15-ml sizes.FixativesFixatives that are simple to prepare are:— formaldehyde saline (reagent no. 27);— Zenker fixative (reagent no. 66). Just before use, add 5ml of glacial aceticacid per 100ml of Zenker solution.TechniqueAmount of fixativeThe volume of fixative required is about 50 times the volume of the biopsy tissue.Biopsy tissue is normally 3–5mm thick (if it is thicker, fixation is difficult orimpossible).The area of the specimen, however, can vary and this is what determines the amountof fixative to be used (see Table 3.3).Table 3.3 Calculating the amount of fixativeto use for biopsy materialDimensions of specimen (cm)Amount of fixative (ml)0.5 ¥ 0.5 6–100.5 ¥ 1 10–151 ¥ 1 20–252 ¥ 1 30–402 ¥ 2 90
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M A N U A LO F B A S I CTECHNIQUESF
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ContentsiManualofbasic techniques f
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ContentsiiiContentsPrefacex1. Intro
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viManual of basic techniques for a
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viiiManual of basic techniques for
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7. Examination of urine 231Part III
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7. Examination of urine 2337. Exami
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7. Examination of urine 2357.2.3 Me
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7. Examination of urine 237Table 7.
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7. Examination of urine 239The anal
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7. Examination of urine 241MethodCo
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7. Examination of urine 243Table 7.
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7. Examination of urine 245Fig. 7.2
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7. Examination of urine 2497.2.8 De
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7. Examination of urine 251Reuse of
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8. Examination of cerebrospinal flu
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9. Haematology 2659. HaematologyHae
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9. Haematology 2679.2 Collection of
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9. Haematology 269Fig. 9.13 Feeling
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9. Haematology 2719.3 Estimation of
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9. Haematology 273Table 9.2 Sample
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9. Haematology 275Fig. 9.25 Checkin
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9. Haematology 277Calibration of th
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9. Haematology 279Errors in haemogl
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9. Haematology 281Fig. 9.28 Micro s
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9. Haematology 283Fig. 9.34 Centrif
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9. Haematology 285concentration is
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9. Haematology 287Measurement techn
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9. Haematology 289●●●Graduate
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9. Haematology 2911 litre, so multi
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9. Haematology 293Fig. 9.45 Materia
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9. Haematology 295Very high ESR val
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9. Haematology 2979.9 Observation o
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9. Haematology 2999.10 Preparation
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9. Haematology 301Fig. 9.64 Making
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9. Haematology 303Drying the filmAd
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9. Haematology 3054. Examine the co
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9. Haematology 307Fig. 9.77 Normal
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9. Haematology 309Fig. 9.85 Anisocy
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9. Haematology 311Fig. 9.92 Polymor
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9. Haematology 313Immature granuloc
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9. Haematology 315Fig. 9.104 Mixing
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9. Haematology 317Fig. 9.108 Prepar
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9. Haematology 319Heinz bodiesHeinz
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9. Haematology 3219.14 Determinatio
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10. Blood chemistry 323Fig. 10.1 De
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10. Blood chemistry 325Table 10.1 B
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10. Blood chemistry 32710.2.4 Resul
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11. Immunological and serological t
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Annex. Reagents and their preparati
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IndexNote: Page numbers in bold ref
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Index 371Centrifuges 32, 69-72, 69-
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Index 373Endolimax nanus 114, 114,
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Index 375Hyaline casts, urine 243,
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Index 377Microhaematocrit equipment
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Index 379Protozoablood 173-194, 178
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Index 381Smears (continued)preparat
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Index 383Thiomersal-iodine-formalde
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