Manual of basic techniques for a health laboratory - libdoc.who.int

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174 Manual of basic techniques for a health laboratoryFig. 4.130 Cleaning the finger beforecollecting a capillary bloodsampleFig. 4.131 Using a lancet to puncture the ball ofthe finger1. With the patient’s left hand palm upwards, select the third or fourth finger. (Thebig toe can be used with infants. The thumb should never be used for adults orchildren.) Use cotton wool lightly soaked in ethanol to clean the finger — usingfirm strokes to remove dirt and grease from the ball of the finger (Fig. 4.130).Dry the finger with a clean piece of cotton wool (or lint).2. With a sterile lancet, puncture the ball of the finger (Fig. 4.131), using a quickrolling action. By applying gentle pressure to the finger, express the first drop ofblood and wipe it away with dry cotton wool. Make sure that no strands ofcotton wool remain on the finger.3. Working quickly and handling clean slides only by the edges, collect the blood asfollows:• Apply gentle pressure to the finger and collect a single small drop of blood,about this size ●, on to the middle of the slide. This is for the thin film.• Apply further pressure to express more blood and collect two or three largerdrops, about this size ●, on to the slide about 1cm from the drop intended forthe thin film (see Fig. 4.132).Wipe the remaining blood away with cotton wool.4. Thin film. Using another clean slide as a “spreader”, and with the slide with theblood drops resting on a flat, firm surface, touch the small drop with the spreaderand allow the blood to run along its edge. Firmly push the spreader along theslide, away from the largest drops, keeping the spreader at an angle of 45° (Fig.4.133). Make sure that the spreader is in even contact with the surface of theslide all the time the blood is being spread.5. Thick film. Always handle slides by the edges, or by a corner, to make the thickfilm as follows:Using the corner of the spreader, quickly join the larger drops of blood andspread them to make an even, thick film (Fig. 4.134).6. Allow the thick film to dry in a flat, level position protected from flies, dust andextreme heat. Label the dry film with a grease pencil by writing across the thickerportion of the thin film the patient’s name or number and date (as shown in Fig.4.135).
4. Parasitology 175Fig. 4.132 Collecting the blood sampleFig. 4.133 Preparing a thin blood filmFig. 4.134 Preparing a thick blood filmFig. 4.135 Labelling the slideStaining blood films with Giemsa stainPrincipleDuring staining of the blood film, the haemoglobin in the erythrocytes dissolves(dehaemoglobinization) and is removed by the water in the staining solution. Allthat remain are the parasites and the leukocytes, which can be seen under themicroscope.Materials and reagents● Microscope●●●●●●●Measuring cylinders, 10, 50 and 100mlBeakers, 50 and 250mlStaining troughsGlass rodsWash bottleSlide forcepsSlide racks
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M A N U A LO F B A S I CTECHNIQUESF
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ContentsiManualofbasic techniques f
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ContentsiiiContentsPrefacex1. Intro
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viManual of basic techniques for a
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viiiManual of basic techniques for
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xManual of basic techniques for a h
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2 Manual of basic techniques for a
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Table 3.2 Dispatch of specimens 92
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100 Manual of basic techniques for
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7. Examination of urine 231Part III
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7. Examination of urine 2337. Exami
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7. Examination of urine 2357.2.3 Me
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7. Examination of urine 237Table 7.
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7. Examination of urine 239The anal
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7. Examination of urine 241MethodCo
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7. Examination of urine 243Table 7.
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7. Examination of urine 245Fig. 7.2
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7. Examination of urine 2497.2.8 De
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7. Examination of urine 251Reuse of
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8. Examination of cerebrospinal flu
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9. Haematology 2659. HaematologyHae
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9. Haematology 2679.2 Collection of
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9. Haematology 269Fig. 9.13 Feeling
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9. Haematology 2719.3 Estimation of
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9. Haematology 273Table 9.2 Sample
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9. Haematology 275Fig. 9.25 Checkin
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9. Haematology 277Calibration of th
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9. Haematology 279Errors in haemogl
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9. Haematology 281Fig. 9.28 Micro s
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9. Haematology 283Fig. 9.34 Centrif
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9. Haematology 285concentration is
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9. Haematology 287Measurement techn
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9. Haematology 289●●●Graduate
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9. Haematology 2911 litre, so multi
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9. Haematology 293Fig. 9.45 Materia
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9. Haematology 295Very high ESR val
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9. Haematology 2979.9 Observation o
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9. Haematology 2999.10 Preparation
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9. Haematology 301Fig. 9.64 Making
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9. Haematology 303Drying the filmAd
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9. Haematology 3054. Examine the co
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9. Haematology 307Fig. 9.77 Normal
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9. Haematology 309Fig. 9.85 Anisocy
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9. Haematology 311Fig. 9.92 Polymor
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9. Haematology 313Immature granuloc
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9. Haematology 315Fig. 9.104 Mixing
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9. Haematology 317Fig. 9.108 Prepar
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9. Haematology 319Heinz bodiesHeinz
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9. Haematology 3219.14 Determinatio
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10. Blood chemistry 323Fig. 10.1 De
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10. Blood chemistry 325Table 10.1 B
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10. Blood chemistry 32710.2.4 Resul
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11. Immunological and serological t
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Annex. Reagents and their preparati
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IndexNote: Page numbers in bold ref
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Index 371Centrifuges 32, 69-72, 69-
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Index 373Endolimax nanus 114, 114,
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Index 375Hyaline casts, urine 243,
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Index 377Microhaematocrit equipment
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Index 379Protozoablood 173-194, 178
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Index 381Smears (continued)preparat
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Index 383Thiomersal-iodine-formalde
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Selected WHO publications of relate
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