Manual of basic techniques for a health laboratory - libdoc.who.int

Index 381Smears (continued)preparation/fixation 197–199,198–199staining techniques 199–201,199–204, 204Soaps, identification 145, 145Sodium bicarbonate 364Sodium carbonate 364Sodium chloride 364flotation technique 152–153, 152–153Sodium citrate, see Trisodium citrateSodium dihydrogen phosphate,anhydrous 361–362Sodium hydrogen carbonate, see SodiumbicarbonateSodium hydroxide 364–365Sodium hypochlorite 84–85Sodium metabisulfite 365Solar energy, electrical supply 13–15Solar stills 26, 26–27Specimen collectionappropriate 102blood 267–270, 267–270, 280–282,281, 286malaria parasites 174–175, 174microfilariae 164, 164, 166thin blood films 300, 301trypanosomes 186, 186, 189, 189body cavity fluids 218CSF 255, 255fungal infection 225, 227–228, 228leprosy 221–222, 221–223lymph node aspirates184–185, 184–185pinworm eggs 135–137, 135–137pus 220, 227semen 212skin 161–163, 161–163, 195, 196sputum 205, 205–206stools 107, 216–217, 217syphilis chancre 210, 210throat swabs 206, 206urine 231–232, 238, 241, 249, 252urogenital samples 207–208, 215Specimen containers 34, 42–44, 42–44cleaning 81–82, 82Specimensdispatch 91–96, 93–94disposal 97registration 46–51Spectrophotometers (see alsoColorimeters) 271–279calibration 272–274, 273, 276–277Sperm counts (see also Semenspecimens) 214–215Spherocytes 308, 308Spherocytosis, hereditary 308Spinal compression 257, 262, 263Spirit lamps 35Sputum, disinfection 84Sputum specimens 204–206, 205containers 44, 44, 82, 82Sputum specimens (continued)Corynebacterium diphtheriae 201,201–202dispatch 92Staining techniques 109blood films 175–176, 175–178,303–305, 304faecal cysts 123–124, 124faecal trophozoites 117–118Leishmania spp. 195microfilariae 170–171, 171–172Onchocerca volvulus 163, 163Plasmodium spp. 175, 177smears 199–201, 199–204, 204Staining troughs 34Stains (see also Staining techniques;Ziehl–Neelsen stain)Albert 201, 201–202, 351brilliant cresyl blue 316–317, 317,318–319, 353Delafield’s haematoxylin 355eosin 117–118, 356Field 117, 356–357Giemsa 299–300, 304, 305, 357–358Gram 199–201Leishman 359May–Grünwald 299, 304, 305, 354,360Romanowsky 265, 299Wayson 367Standard curve, haemoglobinconcentration 273Starch granules, identification 144,144–145Sterilization (see also Cleaning;Disinfection) 85–90, 86–87,89–90autoclaving 86–87, 86–88boiling 89dry heat 89–90, 91using a pressure cooker 89–90, 90Stillsdemineralized water 33distilled water 24–27, 25–26Stirring rods, how to make 40–41, 40Stocktaking, supplies 45–46Stools, disinfection 85Stool specimenscontainers 42, 42, 82dispatch 92occult blood 157–159, 159parasitology 107–110, 107–110watery 216–218, 217Stoppers, volumetric flasks 76Storagesupplies 45water 24Streptococcus pneumoniae 257, 260,260–261Streptolysin O 336–338Strongyloides stercoraliseggs 109, 128, 143, 143