Horticulture Principles and Practices

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PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLANTS CHAPTER 7 BIOLOGICAL ENEMIES OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS CHAPTER 8 PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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With love to Theresa, quarterback;
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Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
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Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
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5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
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8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
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12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
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22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
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Preface Horticulture is the area of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
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PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
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1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
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(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
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FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
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CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
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FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
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FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
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FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
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1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
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1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
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TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
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Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
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What Is Horticulture? This site pro
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Examples of botanical gardens http:
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2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
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Eight major taxa are commonly used
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TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
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HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
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AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
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possible system of nomenclature. Ho
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TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
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2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
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2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
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Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
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2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
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(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
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FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
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FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
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c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
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Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
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ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
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called cristae; this extreme foldin
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By virtue of its position, the prim
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Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
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(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
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Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
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Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
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Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
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Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
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FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
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can self-install an underground irr
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1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
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Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
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(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
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texture. The most commonly used gra
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TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
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Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
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Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
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5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
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Growth in an organism follows a cer
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5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
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waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
Page 186 and 187: 5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
Page 188 and 189: CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
Page 190 and 191: Growth and Development The general
Page 192 and 193: TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
Page 194 and 195: Certain plants are adapted to dry e
Page 196 and 197: conditions exist to sustain growth
Page 198 and 199: Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
Page 200 and 201: for success, since high temperature
Page 202 and 203: FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
Page 204 and 205: Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
Page 206 and 207: conditions—pertaining to light, m
Page 208 and 209: them to maturity. The major process
Page 210 and 211: 6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
Page 212 and 213: Similarly, there can be no plant br
Page 214 and 215: APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
Page 216 and 217: hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
Page 218 and 219: Generally, within ten days of exper
Page 220 and 221: Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
Page 222 and 223: (b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
Page 224 and 225: e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
Page 226 and 227: eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
Page 228 and 229: Before the seed or product becomes
Page 230 and 231: 6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
Page 232 and 233: 2. Political disagreement. There ar
Page 234 and 235: REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
Page 238 and 239: 7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
Page 240 and 241: 8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
Page 242 and 243: is also a root parasite that obtain
Page 244 and 245: LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
Page 246 and 247: Example Integrated cultural, physic
Page 248 and 249: 7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
Page 250 and 251: Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
Page 252 and 253: sucking insects (also found with so
Page 254 and 255: FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
Page 256 and 257: TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
Page 258 and 259: 7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
Page 260 and 261: FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
Page 262 and 263: fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
Page 264 and 265: SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
Page 266 and 267: For the home growers or those who c
Page 268 and 269: for consumers and the environment).
Page 270 and 271: TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
Page 272 and 273: gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
Page 274 and 275: In a competitive industry, a variet
Page 276 and 277: Chemicals gain access to humans thr
Page 278 and 279: 2. Pesticide management. Controllin
Page 280 and 281: Every organism has its natural enem
Page 282 and 283: TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
Page 284 and 285: 1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
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species enables vegetative propagat
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for rapid rooting. There are two ba
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Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
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This practice is especially importa
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10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
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(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
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10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
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Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
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MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
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MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
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variety of ways. In air layering, a
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FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
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Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
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The technique is used widely in cro
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PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
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11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
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TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
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Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
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Window Displays Plants in windows e
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CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
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annuals and hardy perennial species
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of the large container filled with
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perfection about four to six weeks
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FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
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TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
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The lighting condition near these w
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Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
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may be used for one pot or a group
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garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
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The photoperiod affects when the ho
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patted firm to keep the plant erect
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Other Materials Apart from clay and
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(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
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TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
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• Keep soil moist all the time
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• Prefers high temperatures • P
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amount and quality of light. If sup
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12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
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6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
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Detached greenhouses have several a
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12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
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horticultural business a less-expen
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Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
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source of heat for times when the t
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FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
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Research program on greenhouse engi
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greenhouses equipped with a variety
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FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
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This system was demonstrated in a 5
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FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
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Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
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or object to be warmed. Failure to
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objects in its path (e.g., the floo
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FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
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FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
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FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
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Source of Water The quality of loca
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FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
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Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
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However, in winter, greenhouse vent
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OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
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. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
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2. Labor. The size of the labor for
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FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
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FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
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13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
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14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
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FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
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TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
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(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
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14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
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FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
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FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
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FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
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Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
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PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
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15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
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8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
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knowledge, with concern for resourc
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
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GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
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the landscape. Some very successful
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Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
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FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
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How frequently do they entertain? A
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the patio should be located on the
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15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
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Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
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Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
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SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
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3. Supply materials on a timely bas
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such as preparation rooms (for mixi
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of environmental fluctuations. Furt
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FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
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17 Installation of the Landscape PU
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for walks, driveways, and patios (F
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Planting may be limited to accentin
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17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
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FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
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SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
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TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
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TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
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they determine the success and surv
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12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
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pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
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y winds. A stake, which is often a
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TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
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TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
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Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
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Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
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may be divided such that each secti
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FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
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Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
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Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
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Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
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The seed should be free from weeds
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Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
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A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
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way, plants are able to adapt to th
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form of a can placed on the lawn wi
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TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
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even surface soil surface for layin
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MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
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Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
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4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
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19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
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defeat the purpose of pruning. The
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Bud withers as cut end dries back d
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19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
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Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
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3. In the third and subsequent year
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(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
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Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
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TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
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Summer pruning eliminates an energy
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a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
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FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
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FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
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years to promote continued lateral
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Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
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19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
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FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
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pyramid-like form that is wider at
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After selecting the appropriate spe
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PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
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20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
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The National Agricultural Statistic
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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growers should take to determine an
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pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
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square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
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High tunnels help increase the prof
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
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Establishing the Crop Planting into
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home water supply from the tap. Thi
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Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
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6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
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variable, ranging from creamy yello
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There are two general production pr
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This toxin is heat resistant and no
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large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
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REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
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TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
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22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
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22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
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and the specific materials to be us
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22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
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preemergent or early postemergent o
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Composting is a deliberate activity
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22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
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Moisture Supply Water is required b
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Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
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As microbial decomposition proceeds
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Establishment and Management of an
Page 698 and 699:
night, freezing can occur in spring
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accomplished by stratification. It
Page 702 and 703:
transmitted by the dagger nematode
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PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
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24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
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to more than four-fold in standard
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Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
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FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
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Principle Definition Types (or Uses
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pH value-a measure of the acidity o
Page 718 and 719:
FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
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24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
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3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
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Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
Page 726 and 727:
24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
Page 728 and 729:
25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
Page 730 and 731:
FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
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FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
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25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
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(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
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TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
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26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
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Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
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26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
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27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
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whereas oranges are picked (they ha
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(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
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To reduce packaging injury, contain
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is replaced by the by-product of re
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Stored produce may lose some color,
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with pricing. When selling by volum
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(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
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APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
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APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
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APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
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Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
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GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
Page 772 and 773:
Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
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Floriculture The science and practi
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M Macronutrient An essential elemen
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Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
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INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
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defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
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Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
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color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
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color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
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color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
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color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
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color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
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color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
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color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
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color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
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color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
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color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d
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