Horticulture Principles and Practices

Recommendations

Info

Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Reaction wood, 86 Renewal pruning, 579 Residential landscaping, 475 Resistance to disease, 215 Respiration, 154 Rodenticides, 246 Root systems, 82 Salt index, 127 Samara, 49 Saran-glazed greenhouse, 298 Saw-tooth greenhouse range, 394 Scaffold branch, 582 Scion, 321 Seed, 90–91 Seed coat dormancy, 296 Seed germination, 300 Seed industry, 17 Seed longevity, 295 Seed purity analysis, 294–295 Seed tag, 295 Seed treatment, 298, 305 Seed viability, 295 Self-pollination, 198 Semihardwood cuttings, 316 Serpentine layering, 332 Service and utility area, 490–491 Service area, Sexual propagation 283–306 direct seeding, 302 germination capacity of seeds, 297, 298 indirect seeding, 302–303 purchasing seed, 296 seed companies, 296 seed formation, 284–285 seed law, 286 seed nursery activities, 304–305 seed production/certification, 285 seed quality analysis, 286–287 seed treatment, 298–299 seed viability/longevity, 295 sowing seeds, 306 tagging, 263 timing of seeding, transplanting, 277, 278 Short-day plants, 105 Short-night plants, 105 Shrubs, 534–537 Side grafting, 327 Sigmoid growth curve, 155 Simple layering, 332 Simplicity, 480 Small fruits, 50 Sod, 552 Softwood cuttings, 315 Soil, 108 air, 128 chemical properties, 110 defined, 108 drainage, 138–139 environmental concerns, 139 fertility, See also Fertilizers, 115 nutritional monitoring, 120–121 organic matter, 113–114 pH, 114–115 physical properties, 109–110 primary nutrients, 111–112 profile, 108 properties, 109 role of, 108, 109 secondary nutrients, 112–113 sterilization, 148 temperature, 128–129 tillage, 140–141 water, 129–131 Soil air, 128 Soil drainage, 138, 139 Soil nutritional monitoring, 120–121 Soil organisms, 127–128 Soil organic matter, 113, 114 Soil pH, 114, 115 Soil profile, 108–109 Soil salt tolerance, 127 Soil sampling, 121 Soil solarization, 148 Soil sterilization, 148 Soil structure, 110 Soil temperature, 128–129 Soil test, 114, 121 Soil texture, 109, 110 Soil water, 97 Soilless culture, 142 Soilless mixes, 142–148 Soilless substrate culture systems, 443–448 Solanaceae, 59 Solar heaters, 419 Solarization, 148 Specialty landscaping, 476 Species, 30, 31 Specimen plant, 433 Sphagnum moss, 143 Spreader board, 576 Sprigging, 554 Sprinkler irrigation, 133 Spurge family, 59 Standard tree form, 581 Steady growth phase, 155 Stem cutting, 315–317 Stem growth forms, 45 Stem section cutting, 315 Step tip (terminal) cutting, 315 Sterilization, 148 Stomach poisons, 262 Stool layering, 333 Storage pests, 228 Succulents, 451–464 bromeliads, 458, 460 cacti, 461–469 categories, 452 defined, 451 growth requirements, 458 offsets, 457 popular, 453 propagation, 457 Sunflower family, 457 Surface drainage, 239 Surface irrigation systems, 134 Symmetrical balance, 483 Systemic fungicides, 245 Systemic insecticides, 262 Systemic pesticide, 262 T-budding, 329 Taxonomy, 30 Temperature, 97–101 Temperature inversion, 96 Temperature stress, 96–101 Terrarium culture, 703–709 care/maintenance, 708 containers, 704 planting, 707 planting medium, 706 selecting plants, 705 tools, 706 types of terrarium, 704 Thatch, 557 Thermal belt, 95, 96 Thermophiles, 662 Thinning, 557 Tillage, 140 Tip layering, 332 Tissue culture, 207 Tissues, 68 Topiary, 586 Topsoil, 108 Tongue grafting, 325 Toxicity, 250 Trace elements, 113 Translocation, 170 Transpiration, 168 Transplanting, 308 Transplanting shock, 308 Tree seedlings, 527 Trees balled and burlapped, 527 bare-root evergreens, 527 care/maintenance, 530 choosing, 24 Christmas, 533 container-grown, 527 deciduous, 533 narrowleaf evergreens, 532 planting, 529 preplanting storage, 528 purchasing, 527–529 small fruit, 600 training/pruning, 527–529 Trellis training system, 598–600 Trench composting, 667 Trench layering, 332 Trickle irrigation, 134 Tubers, 52, 488 Turf production 542–560 aeration, 560 athletic fields, 562 choosing turfgrass species, 545, 548 dethatching, 561 diseases/pests, 560 establishing a lawn, 544, 546 fertilizing, 559 golf course, 564 mowing, 555–558 planting turfgrass, 549–552 plugging, 554 purpose of lawns, 543–544 regional adaptation of species, 544 sodding, 552–553 sprigging, 554 Turf production stolonizing, 555 turf management, 555–561 watering, 558, 559 weed control, 559–560, 562 Turfgrass, 542 Uneven span greenhouse design, 390, 392 USDA plant hardiness zone map, 98 Vase training system, 595 Vegetable production 611–642 adaptation, 612 nutrition, 612 regionalized production, 612–613 California production, 612 market types, 627 soils, 627 mulches, 628 greenhouse production, 627 irrigation, 630 home garden, 630–635 Vegetatively propagated, 312–325 Vertical resistance, 237 Vernalization, 174 Vines, 45 Virulence, 238 Virus indexing, 323 Index 759
Viruses, 231–232 Visual diagnosis, 120 Warm-temperature plants, 52 Water sprouts, 171 Water table, 130 Weather, 95 Weather-related disorders, 167 Weeds, 214–217 economic importance, 214 biology, classification, and distribution, 215 weeds as indicators of soil fertility, 216 Weeping tree forms, 582 Whip, 325 Whip grafting, 325 Whittaker, R.H., 31 Windbreaks, 497 Wind machines, 100 Wood, 85, 87 Xerophytes, 498 Xylem tissue, 70 Yamadori, 715 Yamadori shitate, 715 Zoysia, 546 760 Index
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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With love to Theresa, quarterback;
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Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
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Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
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5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
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8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
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12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
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22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
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Preface Horticulture is the area of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
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PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
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1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
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(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
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FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
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CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
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FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
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FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
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FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
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1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
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1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
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TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
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Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
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What Is Horticulture? This site pro
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Examples of botanical gardens http:
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2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
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Eight major taxa are commonly used
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TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
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HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
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AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
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possible system of nomenclature. Ho
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TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
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2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
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2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
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Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
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2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
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(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
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FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
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FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
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c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
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Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
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ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
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called cristae; this extreme foldin
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By virtue of its position, the prim
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Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
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(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
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Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
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Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
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Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
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Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
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FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
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can self-install an underground irr
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1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
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Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
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(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
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texture. The most commonly used gra
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TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
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Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
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Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
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5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
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Growth in an organism follows a cer
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5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
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waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
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5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
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CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
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Growth and Development The general
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TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
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Certain plants are adapted to dry e
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conditions exist to sustain growth
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Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
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for success, since high temperature
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FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
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Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
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conditions—pertaining to light, m
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them to maturity. The major process
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6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
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Similarly, there can be no plant br
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APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
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hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
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Generally, within ten days of exper
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Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
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(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
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e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
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eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
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Before the seed or product becomes
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6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
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2. Political disagreement. There ar
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
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PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
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7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
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8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
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is also a root parasite that obtain
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LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
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Example Integrated cultural, physic
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7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
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Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
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sucking insects (also found with so
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FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
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TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
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7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
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FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
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fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
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TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
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In a competitive industry, a variet
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Chemicals gain access to humans thr
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2. Pesticide management. Controllin
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Every organism has its natural enem
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TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
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species enables vegetative propagat
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for rapid rooting. There are two ba
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Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
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This practice is especially importa
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10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
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(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
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10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
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Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
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MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
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MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
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variety of ways. In air layering, a
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FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
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Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
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The technique is used widely in cro
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PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
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11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
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TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
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Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
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Window Displays Plants in windows e
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CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
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annuals and hardy perennial species
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of the large container filled with
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perfection about four to six weeks
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FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
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TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
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The lighting condition near these w
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Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
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may be used for one pot or a group
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garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
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The photoperiod affects when the ho
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patted firm to keep the plant erect
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Other Materials Apart from clay and
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(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
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TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
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• Keep soil moist all the time
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• Prefers high temperatures • P
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amount and quality of light. If sup
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12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
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6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
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Detached greenhouses have several a
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12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
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horticultural business a less-expen
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Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
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source of heat for times when the t
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FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
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Research program on greenhouse engi
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greenhouses equipped with a variety
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FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
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This system was demonstrated in a 5
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FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
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Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
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or object to be warmed. Failure to
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objects in its path (e.g., the floo
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FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
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FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
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FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
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Source of Water The quality of loca
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FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
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Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
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However, in winter, greenhouse vent
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OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
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. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
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2. Labor. The size of the labor for
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FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
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FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
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13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
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14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
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FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
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TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
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(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
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14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
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FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
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FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
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FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
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Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
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PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
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15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
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8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
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knowledge, with concern for resourc
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
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GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
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the landscape. Some very successful
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Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
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FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
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How frequently do they entertain? A
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the patio should be located on the
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15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
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Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
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Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
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SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
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3. Supply materials on a timely bas
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such as preparation rooms (for mixi
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of environmental fluctuations. Furt
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FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
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17 Installation of the Landscape PU
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for walks, driveways, and patios (F
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Planting may be limited to accentin
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17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
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FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
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SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
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TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
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TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
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they determine the success and surv
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12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
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pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
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y winds. A stake, which is often a
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TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
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TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
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Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
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Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
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may be divided such that each secti
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FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
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Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
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Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
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Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
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The seed should be free from weeds
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Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
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A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
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way, plants are able to adapt to th
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form of a can placed on the lawn wi
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TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
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even surface soil surface for layin
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MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
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Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
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4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
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19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
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defeat the purpose of pruning. The
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Bud withers as cut end dries back d
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19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
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Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
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3. In the third and subsequent year
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(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
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Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
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TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
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Summer pruning eliminates an energy
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a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
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FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
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FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
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years to promote continued lateral
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Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
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19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
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FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
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pyramid-like form that is wider at
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After selecting the appropriate spe
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PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
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20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
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The National Agricultural Statistic
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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growers should take to determine an
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pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
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square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
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High tunnels help increase the prof
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
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Establishing the Crop Planting into
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home water supply from the tap. Thi
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Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
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6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
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variable, ranging from creamy yello
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There are two general production pr
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This toxin is heat resistant and no
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large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
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REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
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TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
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22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
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22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
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and the specific materials to be us
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22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
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preemergent or early postemergent o
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Composting is a deliberate activity
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22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
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Moisture Supply Water is required b
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Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
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As microbial decomposition proceeds
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Establishment and Management of an
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night, freezing can occur in spring
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accomplished by stratification. It
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transmitted by the dagger nematode
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PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
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24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
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to more than four-fold in standard
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Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
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FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
Page 714 and 715:
Principle Definition Types (or Uses
Page 716 and 717:
pH value-a measure of the acidity o
Page 718 and 719:
FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
Page 720 and 721:
24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
Page 722 and 723:
3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
Page 724 and 725:
Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
Page 726 and 727:
24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
Page 728 and 729:
25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
Page 730 and 731:
FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
Page 732 and 733:
FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
Page 734 and 735: 25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
Page 736 and 737: (a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
Page 738 and 739: TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
Page 740 and 741: 26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
Page 742 and 743: Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
Page 744 and 745: 26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
Page 746 and 747: 27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
Page 748 and 749: whereas oranges are picked (they ha
Page 750 and 751: (b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
Page 752 and 753: To reduce packaging injury, contain
Page 754 and 755: is replaced by the by-product of re
Page 756 and 757: Stored produce may lose some color,
Page 758 and 759: with pricing. When selling by volum
Page 760 and 761: (a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
Page 762 and 763: APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
Page 764 and 765: APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
Page 766 and 767: APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
Page 768 and 769: Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
Page 770 and 771: GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
Page 772 and 773: Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
Page 774 and 775: Floriculture The science and practi
Page 776 and 777: M Macronutrient An essential elemen
Page 778 and 779: Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
Page 780 and 781: INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
Page 782 and 783: defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
Page 786 and 787: color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
Page 788 and 789: color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
Page 790 and 791: color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
Page 792 and 793: color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
Page 794 and 795: color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
Page 796 and 797: color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
Page 798 and 799: color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 806 and 807: color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
Page 808 and 809: color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
Page 810 and 811: color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
Page 812 and 813: color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
Page 816 and 817: color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d
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Horticulture Principles and Practices

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