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530 10 Milk and Dairy Products

Table 10.29. Characteristic microflora of some types of cheese

Type of cheese Starter cultures Other species

Parmigiano-Reggiano

Streptococcus thermophilus

Lactobacillus helveticus

L. bulgaricus

Emmental Lactococcus lactis Propionibacterium

subsp. lactis

freudenreichii

Lactococcus lactis

P. freudenreichii

subsp. cremoris

subsp. shermanii

S. thermophilus

Lactobacillus helveticus

L. bulgaricus

Cheddar Lactococcus lactis None

subsp. cremoris

(Lactococcus lactis

subsp. lactis)

Roquefort Lactococcus lactis Penicillium roqueforti

subsp. lactis

Lactococcus lactis

subsp. cremoris

Lactococcus lactis

subsp. diacetylactis

Leuconostoc cremoris

Limburger Lactococcus lactis Brevibacterium linens

subsp. lactis

Micrococcus spp.

Lactococcus lactis

Yeasts

subsp. cremoris

Edamer, Gouda Lactococcus lactis Brevibacterium linens

subsp. lactis

Micrococcus spp.

Lactococcus lactis

Yeasts

subsp. cremoris

Lactococcus lactis

subsp. diacetylactis

Leuconostoc cremoris

Camembert, Brie Lactococcus lactis Penicillium camemberti

Lactococcus lactis

subsp. cremoris

P. caseicolum

Lactococcus lactis

Brevibacterium linens

subsp. diacetylactis Micrococcus spp. Yeasts

addition and then concentrated by ultrafiltration.

To reduce the cost of enzymes in the casein

precipitation step with chymosin (rennet or

usually microbial rennet substitutes), processes

using carrier-bound enzymes are being tested.

Here, the enzyme reaction proceeds in the cold

and precipitation occurs subsequently on heating

the milk. In this way, clogging of the enzyme bed

is avoided.

The individual process steps in cheese making are

being increasingly mechanized and automated.

The equipment used includes discontinuously operated

cheesemakers (vats or tanks with stirring

and cutting devices) and coagulators for continuous

curd formation with subsequent fully automatic

whey separation and molding.

10.2.8.2 Unripened Cheese

Unripened cheeses have a soft (quark), gelatinous

(layer cheese), or grainy (cottage cheese) consis-

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