2009_Book_FoodChemistry

Recommendations

Info

672 15 Cereals and Cereal ProductsTable 15.2. Cereal production in 2006 (1000 t)Continent Wheat Rice, paddy Barley (Corn) RyeMaizeWorld 605,946 634,606 138,643 695,228 13,261Africa 25,096 21,131 6133 46,260 39America, Central 3345 1179 875 24,788 –America, North 84,575 8787 13,925 276,866 484America, South and Caribbean 22,636 24,564 3024 91,778 38Asia 272,185 576,518 22,441 203,025 1107Europe 191,378 3459 89,048 76,742 11,574Oceania 10,075 148 4072 558 20Continent Oats Millet Sorghum Cereals, grand totalWorld 23,101 31,781 56,485 2,221,119Africa 226 17,788 26,113 145,892America, Central 153 1 5831 36,176America, North 4963 300 7050 397,456America, South and Caribbean 1247 16 10,973 154,677Asia 1630 12,891 10,691 1,102,274Europe 14,377 751 658 403,644Oceania 658 35 1001 17,176a World production = 100%.Country Wheat Country Rice Country BarleyChina 104,470 China 184,070 Russian Fed. 18,154India 69,350 India 136,510 Germany 11,967USA 57,298 Indonesia 54,400 Ukraine 11,316Russian Fed. 45,006 Bangladesh 43,729 France 10,412France 35,367 Vietnam 35,827 Canada 10,005Canada 27,277 Thailand 29,269 Turkey 9551Germany 22,428 Myanmar 25,200 Spain 8318Pakistan 21,277 Philippines 15,327 UK 5239Turkey 20,010 Brazil 11,505 USA 3920UK 14,735 Japan 10,695 Australia 3722Iran 14,500∑(%) a China 3430Argentina 14,000 86 Denmark 3270Ukraine 14,000 Poland 3161∑(%) a 76Iran 3000∑(%) a 76Country (Corn) Country Rye Country OatsMaizeUSA 267,598 Russian Fed. 2965 Russian Fed. 4880China 145,625 Germany 2644 Canada 3602Brazil 42,632 Poland 2622 USA 1361Mexico 21,765 Belarus 1072 China 1160India 14,710 Ukraine 920 Poland 1035Argentina 14,446 China 783 Finland 1029France 12,902 Canada 302 Spain 918Indonesia 11,611 Turkey 246 Germany 830Italy 9671 USA 183 UK 728Canada 9268 Spain 159 Ukraine 700∑(%) a 79 ∑(%) a 90Sweden 635Australia 633∑(%) a 76
15.1 Foreword 673Table 15.2. ContinuedCountry Millet Country Sorghum Country Cereals, grand totalIndia 10,100 Nigeria 9866 China 445,355Nigeria 7705 India 7240 USA 346,562Niger 3200 USA 7050 India 239,130China 1821 Mexico 5487 Russian Fed. 76,866Burkina Faso 1199 Sudan 5203 Indonesia 66,011Mali 1060 China 2490 France 61,813Sudan 792 Argentina 2328 Brazil 59,017Uganda 687 Ethiopia 2313 Canada 50,895Russian Fed. 600 Brazil 1556 Bangladesh 45,010Chad 590 Burkina Faso 1554 Germany 43,475∑(%) a 87 ∑(%) a 80Vietnam 39,648Turkey 34,598Ukraine 33,698Argentina 33,556Thailand 33,146Pakistan 32,839Mexico 31,959∑(%) a 75Table 15.3. World production of cereals 1948–2006(10 6 t)Year Amount Year Amount1948 683 1988 17421956 789 1989 18811964 1019 1990 19551968 1180 1996 20501976 1456 2004 22391984 1802 2006 2221of wheat. Millers regard the aleurone layer as partof the bran.The starchy endosperm is the source of flour.Its thin-walled cells are packed with starchgranules which lie imbedded in a matrix whichis largely protein. A portion of these proteins,the gluten proteins, is responsible for the bakingproperties of wheat. The concentrations of theproteins and some other constituents (vitaminsand minerals) decrease from outer to inner cellsof the endosperm. The germ is separated fromthe endosperm by the scutellum. The germ isrich in enzymes and lipids (Table 15.8). Table15.9 shows that wheat milling, when starchyendosperm cells are separated from germ andbran, results in a substantial loss of B-vitaminsand minerals.15.1.5 Special Role of Wheat–GlutenFormationAfter addition of water a viscoelastic cohesivedough can be kneaded only from wheat flour.The resulting gluten, which can be isolated asa residue after washing out the dough with water,removing starch and other ingredients, is responsiblefor plasticity and dough stability.Gluten consists of 90% protein (cf. 15.2.1.3),8% lipids and 2% carbohydrates. The latterare primarily the water-insoluble pentosans(cf. 15.2.4.2.1), which are able to bind and holda significant amount of water, while the lipids(cf. 15.2.5) form a lipoprotein complex withcertain gluten proteins. In addition, enzymes suchas proteinases and lipoxygenase are detectable infreshly isolated gluten.The gluten proteins, in association with lipids, areresponsible for the cohesive and viscoelastic flowproperties of dough. Such rheological propertiesgive the dough gas-holding capacity during leaveningand provide a porous, spongy product withan elastic crumb after baking.Rye and other cereals can not form gluten. Thebaking quality of rye is due to pentosans andto some proteins which swell after acidification(cf. 15.4.2.2) and contribute to gas-holding properties.
Page 2 and 3:
Food Chemistry
Page 4 and 5:
Professor Dr. Hans-Dieter Belitz
Page 6 and 7:
viPrefacewill prove useful to both
Page 8 and 9:
viiiContents1.2.4.4 ReactionsofAmin
Page 10 and 11:
xContents2.2.4 IsolationandPurifica
Page 12 and 13:
xiiContents3 Lipids ...............
Page 14 and 15:
xivContents3.8.3.2 Analysis........
Page 16 and 17:
xviContents4.4.4.8.3 Utilization .
Page 18 and 19:
xviiiContents5.3 Individual Aroma C
Page 20 and 21:
xxContents7.2.2 Potassium..........
Page 22 and 23:
xxiiContents8.15.3 SyntheticEmulsif
Page 24 and 25:
xxivContents10.2.7 IceCream........
Page 26 and 27:
xxviContents12.3.6 Guanidine Compou
Page 28 and 29:
xxviiiContents13.1.4.3 Other N-Comp
Page 30 and 31:
xxxContents14.5.3.1 Lipolysis .....
Page 32 and 33:
xxxiiContents15.4.3.3.2 WhiteBreadC
Page 34 and 35:
xxxivContents18 Fruits and Fruit Pr
Page 36 and 37:
xxxviContents19.1.3 Nutritional/Phy
Page 38 and 39:
xxxviii Contents20.1.4.4 Wort Boili
Page 40 and 41:
xlContents21.1.3.3.2 Carbohydrates
Page 42 and 43:
xliiContents22.3.1 Production . ...
Page 44 and 45:
xlivIntroductionThis brief outline
Page 46 and 47:
2 0 WaterH-bridges. This structure
Page 48 and 49:
4 0 WaterTable 0.4. Water activity
Page 50 and 51:
6 0 WaterTable 0.7. T ′ g and W
Page 52 and 53:
1 Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins1.
Page 54 and 55:
10 1 Amino Acids, Peptides, Protein
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
94 2 EnzymesTable 2.1. Examples of
Page 140 and 141:
96 2 Enzymes2.2.4 Isolation and Pur
Page 142 and 143:
98 2 Enzymeslation are specified in
Page 144 and 145:
100 2 EnzymesTable 2.4. Systematic
Page 146 and 147:
102 2 Enzymes2.3.1.2 Adenosine Trip
Page 148 and 149:
104 2 Enzymes(2.14)of the amino aci
Page 150 and 151:
106 2 EnzymesTable 2.5. Redox poten
Page 152 and 153:
108 2 Enzymeswith a number of prote
Page 154 and 155:
110 2 EnzymesFig. 2.12. A schematic
Page 156 and 157:
112 2 EnzymesFig. 2.13. Example of
Page 158 and 159:
114 2 Enzymestions simultaneously:(
Page 160 and 161:
116 2 EnzymesFig. 2.18. Postulated
Page 162 and 163:
118 2 Enzymestermediary enzyme-subs
Page 164 and 165:
120 2 EnzymesTable 2.9. Rate consta
Page 166 and 167:
122 2 Enzymesmechanism:(2.51)In an
Page 168 and 169:
124 2 EnzymesFig. 2.26. Plotting sl
Page 170 and 171:
126 2 Enzymesand concentration of i
Page 172 and 173:
128 2 Enzymesbitor; K m is unchange
Page 174 and 175:
130 2 EnzymesIn order to better und
Page 176 and 177:
132 2 EnzymesFor the reaction rate
Page 178 and 179:
134 2 EnzymesFig. 2.35. Fungal α-a
Page 180 and 181:
136 2 EnzymesFig. 2.40. Blanching o
Page 182 and 183:
138 2 Enzymes2.6.1 Substrate Determ
Page 184 and 185:
140 2 EnzymesTable 2.17. Enzyme con
Page 186 and 187:
142 2 EnzymesTable 2.18. Examples f
Page 188 and 189:
144 2 Enzymesnitude due to amplific
Page 190 and 191:
146 2 EnzymesTable 2.20. Examples f
Page 192 and 193:
148 2 EnzymesFig. 2.47. Enzyme immo
Page 194 and 195:
150 2 EnzymesTable 2.21. Michaelis
Page 196 and 197:
152 2 Enzymes2.7.2.2.6 α-D-Galacto
Page 198 and 199:
154 2 Enzymes2.7.2.2.15 TannasesTan
Page 200 and 201:
156 2 EnzymesBlow, D.M., Birktoft,
Page 202 and 203:
3 Lipids3.1 ForewordLipids are form
Page 204 and 205:
160 3 LipidsTable 3.3. Aroma thresh
Page 206 and 207:
162 3 Lipids3.2.1.2 Unsaturated Fat
Page 208 and 209:
164 3 LipidsTable 3.9. Taste of uns
Page 210 and 211:
166 3 Lipidsin Fig. 3.2. The dimer
Page 212 and 213:
168 3 Lipidsproceeds under mild con
Page 214 and 215:
170 3 LipidsFig. 3.5. Biosynthesis
Page 216 and 217:
172 3 LipidsTable 3.13. Crystalliza
Page 218 and 219:
174 3 LipidsFig. 3.7. Composition o
Page 220 and 221:
176 3 LipidsAlternatively, the ster
Page 222 and 223:
178 3 Lipids3.3.2.2 Physical Proper
Page 224 and 225:
180 3 Lipidsble bond in the cis-con
Page 226 and 227:
182 3 Lipids(3.40a)(3.40b)(3.41)(3.
Page 228 and 229:
184 3 LipidsFig. 3.12. Separation o
Page 230 and 231:
186 3 LipidsFig. 3.14. Arrangement
Page 232 and 233:
188 3 Lipidssince the free C 4 -C 1
Page 234 and 235:
190 3 LipidsTable 3.24. Free fatty
Page 236 and 237:
192 3 LipidsTable 3.26. Induction p
Page 238 and 239:
194 3 LipidsFig. 3.20. Autoxidation
Page 240 and 241:
196 3 LipidsPeroxy radicals with is
Page 242 and 243:
198 3 Lipidsagreement with the abov
Page 244 and 245:
200 3 LipidsTable 3.29. Linoleic ac
Page 246 and 247:
202 3 LipidsTable 3.30. Rate consta
Page 248 and 249:
204 3 LipidsTable 3.32. Sensory pro
Page 250 and 251:
206 3 LipidsFig. 3.27. Proton-catal
Page 252 and 253:
208 3 LipidsFig. 3.29. Lipoxygenase
Page 254 and 255:
210 3 Lipidshydrolysis, the allene
Page 256 and 257:
212 3 LipidsTable 3.35. Products ob
Page 258 and 259:
214 3 Lipidstexture, decreases in p
Page 260 and 261:
216 3 Lipidspherols secure the stab
Page 262 and 263:
218 3 Lipidsincludes the 2,3-double
Page 264 and 265:
220 3 Lipidscomplex heavy metal ion
Page 266 and 267:
222 3 LipidsTable 3.45. Volatile co
Page 268 and 269:
224 3 LipidsTable 3.46. Relative st
Page 270 and 271:
226 3 LipidsFig. 3.41. Fungal degra
Page 272 and 273:
228 3 LipidsTable 3.49. Cholesterol
Page 274 and 275:
230 3 LipidsFig. 3.42. Photochemica
Page 276 and 277:
232 3 LipidsGas chromatographic-mas
Page 278 and 279:
234 3 LipidsFig. 3.45. Tocopherols
Page 280 and 281:
236 3 Lipidsname “carotene”, de
Page 282 and 283:
238 3 LipidsThis xanthophyll occurs
Page 284 and 285:
240 3 LipidsBixin (XVIII) (3.138)Bi
Page 286 and 287:
242 3 LipidsTable 3.59. Aroma compo
Page 288 and 289:
244 3 Lipids(3.143)3.8.4.5 Use of C
Page 290 and 291:
246 3 LipidsFoti, M., Piattelli, M.
Page 292 and 293:
4 Carbohydrates4.1 ForewordCarbohyd
Page 294 and 295:
250 4 CarbohydratesCorrespondingly,
Page 296 and 297:
252 4 Carbohydrates(4.8)(4.9)Fig. 4
Page 298 and 299:
254 4 CarbohydratesThe reaction rat
Page 300 and 301:
256 4 Carbohydratestion a mixture e
Page 302 and 303:
258 4 CarbohydratesTable 4.8. Speci
Page 304 and 305:
260 4 CarbohydratesFig. 4.5. Temper
Page 306 and 307:
262 4 Carbohydratescopyranosyl mann
Page 308 and 309:
264 4 CarbohydratesDehydrating Reac
Page 310 and 311:
266 4 CarbohydratesWith the 2,3-ene
Page 312 and 313:
268 4 Carbohydrates(4.44)reactive a
Page 314 and 315:
270 4 CarbohydratesAmmonia catalyze
Page 316 and 317:
272 4 Carbohydrates(4.52)The reason
Page 318 and 319:
274 4 Carbohydrates(4.57)(4.58)4.2.
Page 320 and 321:
276 4 Carbohydrates(4.63)by reducti
Page 322 and 323:
278 4 Carbohydrates(4.70)re-formati
Page 324 and 325:
280 4 Carbohydrates(4.79)(4.80)inst
Page 326 and 327:
282 4 CarbohydratesVarious oxidatio
Page 328 and 329:
284 4 Carbohydrates4.2.4.4.8 Format
Page 330 and 331:
286 4 Carbohydrates(4.96)Pyridosine
Page 332 and 333:
288 4 Carbohydrates(4.100)(4.101)Ta
Page 334 and 335:
290 4 CarbohydratesThis then reacts
Page 336 and 337:
292 4 Carbohydratestrimethylchloros
Page 338 and 339:
294 4 Carbohydratestose and the C-2
Page 340 and 341:
296 4 Carbohydratescontain shorter
Page 342 and 343:
298 4 CarbohydratesFig. 4.13. Stabi
Page 344 and 345:
300 4 Carbohydrates4.4.3 Properties
Page 346 and 347:
302 4 CarbohydratesThe solubility i
Page 348 and 349:
304 4 Carbohydratesbe adjusted as d
Page 350 and 351:
306 4 Carbohydratesas the carrageen
Page 352 and 353:
308 4 Carbohydrates(4.140)proximate
Page 354 and 355:
310 4 Carbohydrates4.4.4.7 Gum Trag
Page 356 and 357:
312 4 Carbohydrates4.4.4.10.2 Struc
Page 358 and 359:
314 4 Carbohydrates4.4.4.13 Pectin4
Page 360 and 361:
316 4 Carbohydratesseparated in hyd
Page 362 and 363:
318 4 CarbohydratesFig. 4.25. Model
Page 364 and 365:
320 4 CarbohydratesFig. 4.31. Behav
Page 366 and 367:
322 4 CarbohydratesFig. 4.33. Unit
Page 368 and 369:
324 4 Carbohydratesbranch chains is
Page 370 and 371:
326 4 Carbohydratesby its conversio
Page 372 and 373:
328 4 Carbohydratesimals can utiliz
Page 374 and 375:
330 4 CarbohydratesTable 4.27. Util
Page 376 and 377:
332 4 Carbohydratesas a side chain
Page 378 and 379:
334 4 Carbohydrates4.4.5.1.4 α-Dex
Page 380 and 381:
336 4 CarbohydratesFig. 4.42. Reduc
Page 382 and 383:
338 4 CarbohydratesHofmann, T.: Cha
Page 384 and 385:
5 Aroma Compounds5.1 Foreword5.1.1
Page 386 and 387:
342 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.4. Com
Page 388 and 389:
344 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.5. “
Page 390 and 391:
346 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.6. Pos
Page 392 and 393:
348 5 Aroma CompoundsSolid foods ar
Page 394 and 395:
350 5 Aroma Compounds5.2.2.1 Aroma
Page 396 and 397:
352 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.9. Appa
Page 398 and 399:
354 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.11. Ins
Page 400 and 401:
356 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.13. Ena
Page 402 and 403:
358 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.15. Iso
Page 404 and 405:
360 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.16. So
Page 406 and 407:
362 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.18. Fu
Page 408 and 409:
364 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.21. Se
Page 410 and 411:
366 5 Aroma Compounds(5.12)Some rea
Page 412 and 413:
368 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.21. For
Page 414 and 415:
370 5 Aroma Compounds(5.14)(5.15)am
Page 416 and 417:
372 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.24. Py
Page 418 and 419:
374 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.26. Pr
Page 420 and 421:
376 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.28. Py
Page 422 and 423:
378 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.28. For
Page 424 and 425:
380 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.30. Bio
Page 426 and 427:
382 5 Aroma CompoundsThe whisky or
Page 428 and 429:
384 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.33. (C
Page 430 and 431:
386 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.34. Se
Page 432 and 433:
388 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.35. Te
Page 434 and 435:
390 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.32. Inf
Page 436 and 437:
392 5 Aroma CompoundsTo calculate t
Page 438 and 439:
394 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.40. Ty
Page 440 and 441:
396 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.42. Sy
Page 442 and 443:
398 5 Aroma Compoundsbly to the off
Page 444 and 445:
400 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.38. Odo
Page 446 and 447:
402 5 Aroma CompoundsSaxby, M.J. (E
Page 448 and 449:
404 6 Vitaminsciency can result in
Page 450 and 451:
406 6 Vitaminsby cleavage of the ce
Page 452 and 453:
408 6 Vitamins(6.3)6.2.3.3 Stabilit
Page 454 and 455:
410 6 VitaminsTable 6.7. ContinuedF
Page 456 and 457:
412 6 Vitaminsdrate metabolism, the
Page 458 and 459:
414 6 Vitaminspyridoxal phosphate,
Page 460 and 461:
416 6 Vitamins(6.16)fer single carb
Page 462 and 463:
418 6 Vitaminsvegetables from winte
Page 464 and 465:
420 6 VitaminsFig. 6.4. Ascorbic ac
Page 466 and 467:
422 7 MineralsTable 7.2. Mineral co
Page 468 and 469:
424 7 Minerals7.2.3 MagnesiumThe co
Page 470 and 471:
426 7 Mineralssuch as arginase, ami
Page 472 and 473:
428 7 Minerals7.3.3.4 SiliconSilico
Page 474 and 475:
430 8 Food Additivesis made to legi
Page 476 and 477:
432 8 Food Additivesintensive α-ke
Page 478 and 479:
434 8 Food AdditivesFig. 8.4. Model
Page 480 and 481:
436 8 Food AdditivesTable 8.3. Tast
Page 482 and 483:
438 8 Food AdditivesTable 8.5. Amin
Page 484 and 485:
440 8 Food Additivesand the thiocar
Page 486 and 487:
442 8 Food Additivesinto amino acid
Page 488 and 489:
444 8 Food AdditivesTable 8.12. Exa
Page 490 and 491:
446 8 Food AdditivesTable 8.13. Str
Page 492 and 493:
448 8 Food Additives8.10.6 Lactic A
Page 494 and 495:
450 8 Food Additives(pK a = 4.19) i
Page 496 and 497:
452 8 Food AdditivesThe microbial a
Page 498 and 499:
454 8 Food Additives“gaseous rins
Page 500 and 501:
456 8 Food AdditivesIn the producti
Page 502 and 503:
458 8 Food Additives(mechanical des
Page 504 and 505:
460 8 Food Additivessaponification
Page 506 and 507:
462 8 Food AdditivesUnlike acetem a
Page 508 and 509:
464 8 Food Additives• introductio
Page 510 and 511:
466 8 Food Additivesing” compound
Page 512 and 513:
468 9 Food ContaminationADI: the AD
Page 514 and 515:
470 9 Food Contaminationin trace an
Page 516 and 517:
472 9 Food Contaminationtion is cha
Page 518 and 519:
474 9 Food ContaminationTable 9.3.
Page 520 and 521:
476 9 Food Contaminationthe recomme
Page 522 and 523:
478 9 Food ContaminationFig. 9.2. (
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
482 9 Food Contaminationcan destroy
Page 528 and 529:
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532 and 533:
488 9 Food ContaminationFig. 9.3. S
Page 534 and 535:
490 9 Food Contamination(9.3)As a r
Page 536 and 537:
492 9 Food Contaminationamide can a
Page 538 and 539:
494 9 Food ContaminationNitrosamine
Page 540 and 541:
496 9 Food Contaminationlife (aqueo
Page 542 and 543:
10 Milk and Dairy Products10.1 Milk
Page 544 and 545:
500 10 Milk and Dairy ProductsTable
Page 546 and 547:
Page 548 and 549:
Page 550 and 551:
506 10 Milk and Dairy ProductsFig.
Page 552 and 553:
Page 554 and 555:
510 10 Milk and Dairy ProductsFig.
Page 556 and 557:
512 10 Milk and Dairy ProductsHence
Page 558 and 559:
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
518 10 Milk and Dairy Products10.1.
Page 564 and 565:
520 10 Milk and Dairy Products• C
Page 566 and 567:
Page 568 and 569:
524 10 Milk and Dairy Productsferme
Page 570 and 571:
526 10 Milk and Dairy Productsfat g
Page 572 and 573:
528 10 Milk and Dairy Productsis co
Page 574 and 575:
Page 576 and 577:
532 10 Milk and Dairy ProductsRipen
Page 578 and 579:
534 10 Milk and Dairy Productsty ac
Page 580 and 581:
Page 582 and 583:
Page 584 and 585:
Page 586 and 587:
542 10 Milk and Dairy ProductsAmong
Page 588 and 589:
544 10 Milk and Dairy Products10.4
Page 590 and 591:
11 Eggs11.1 ForewordEggs have been
Page 592 and 593:
548 11 EggsTable 11.3. Amino acid c
Page 594 and 595:
550 11 Eggssequence:-Glu-Lys-Thr-As
Page 596 and 597:
552 11 EggsTable 11.7. Amino acid s
Page 598 and 599:
554 11 Eggsrange of 5 to 221 kdal.
Page 600 and 601:
556 11 EggsTable 11.12. Fatty acid
Page 602 and 603:
558 11 EggsFig. 11.5. Schematic pre
Page 604 and 605:
560 11 EggsTable 11.14. Composition
Page 606 and 607:
562 11 EggsPalmer, H.H., Ijichi, K.
Page 608 and 609:
564 12 MeatTable 12.1. Continuation
Page 610 and 611:
566 12 MeatFig. 12.1. The structura
Page 612 and 613:
568 12 Meat12.3 Muscle Tissue: Comp
Page 614 and 615:
570 12 MeatFig. 12.9. Schematic rep
Page 616 and 617:
572 12 MeatFig. 12.10. A schematic
Page 618 and 619:
574 12 Meatoxygen to myoglobin. The
Page 620 and 621:
576 12 MeatNO, N − 3), low-spin c
Page 622 and 623:
578 12 MeatTable 12.6. Amino acid c
Page 624 and 625:
580 12 MeatZ ∗ M S Y G Y D E K S
Page 626 and 627:
582 12 Meatnoline content was highe
Page 628 and 629:
584 12 MeatThe transition of collag
Page 630 and 631:
586 12 Meat12.3.8 Purines and Pyrim
Page 632 and 633:
588 12 MeatFig. 12.22. Post-mortem
Page 634 and 635:
590 12 MeatTable 12.15. Endopeptida
Page 636 and 637:
592 12 MeatFig. 12.28. Swelling of
Page 638 and 639:
594 12 MeatTable 12.16. Average com
Page 640 and 641:
596 12 MeatTable 12.18. Oxidative f
Page 642 and 643:
598 12 MeatTable 12.19. Effect of c
Page 644 and 645:
600 12 Meat12.7.2.2.1 Raw SausagesT
Page 646 and 647:
602 12 MeatTable 12.21. Chemical co
Page 648 and 649:
604 12 Meataromas are used as the t
Page 650 and 651:
606 12 MeatTable 12.23. Concentrati
Page 652 and 653:
608 12 Meatdrolysate is used as the
Page 654 and 655:
610 12 MeatFig. 12.39. Animal speci
Page 656 and 657:
612 12 Meathousehold as meat tender
Page 658 and 659:
614 12 Meatcontain milk, egg or soy
Page 660 and 661:
616 12 MeatTraub, W., Piez, K. A.:
Page 662 and 663:
618 13 Fish, Whales, Crustaceans, M
Page 664 and 665:
620 13 Fish, Whales, Crustaceans, M
Page 666 and 667: 622 13 Fish, Whales, Crustaceans, M
Page 684 and 685: 14 Edible Fats * and Oils14.1 Forew
Page 686 and 687: 642 14 Edible Fats and OilsTable 14
Page 688 and 689: 644 14 Edible Fats and Oilscontains
Page 694 and 695: 650 14 Edible Fats and Oilsor ident
Page 698 and 699: 654 14 Edible Fats and Oilsthe aque
Page 700 and 701: 656 14 Edible Fats and Oilsfining s
Page 702 and 703: 658 14 Edible Fats and Oils14.4.2.3
Page 704 and 705: 660 14 Edible Fats and OilsThe appl
Page 706 and 707: 662 14 Edible Fats and OilsFig. 14.
Page 710 and 711: 666 14 Edible Fats and OilsThe dete
Page 714 and 715: 15 Cereals and Cereal Products15.1
Page 718 and 719: 674 15 Cereals and Cereal ProductsT
Page 720 and 721: 676 15 Cereals and Cereal ProductsF
Page 724 and 725: 680 15 Cereals and Cereal Productsc
Page 742 and 743: 698 15 Cereals and Cereal Products1
Page 746 and 747: 702 15 Cereals and Cereal Productsa
Page 748 and 749: 704 15 Cereals and Cereal Productse
Page 752 and 753: 708 15 Cereals and Cereal Productss
Page 758 and 759: 714 15 Cereals and Cereal Productsi
Page 760 and 761: 716 15 Cereals and Cereal Products1
Page 762 and 763: 718 15 Cereals and Cereal Productsi
Page 766 and 767:
722 15 Cereals and Cereal ProductsT
Page 768 and 769:
724 15 Cereals and Cereal Products1
Page 770 and 771:
726 15 Cereals and Cereal ProductsF
Page 772 and 773:
Page 774 and 775:
Page 776 and 777:
Page 778 and 779:
Page 780 and 781:
Page 782 and 783:
Page 784 and 785:
Page 786 and 787:
742 15 Cereals and Cereal Products1
Page 788 and 789:
744 15 Cereals and Cereal ProductsK
Page 790 and 791:
16 Legumes16.1 ForewordRipe seeds o
Page 792 and 793:
748 16 LegumesTable 16.1. (Continue
Page 794 and 795:
750 16 LegumesTable 16.6. Amino aci
Page 796 and 797:
752 16 LegumesTable 16.8. Amino aci
Page 798 and 799:
754 16 LegumesTable 16.11. Examples
Page 800 and 801:
756 16 LegumesTable 16.13. Active c
Page 802 and 803:
758 16 LegumesTable 16.16. Destruct
Page 804 and 805:
760 16 LegumesTable 16.21. Carbohyd
Page 806 and 807:
762 16 LegumesTable 16.24. Fatty ac
Page 808 and 809:
764 16 LegumesSaponins contribute t
Page 810 and 811:
766 16 LegumesFig. 16.6. Soybean pr
Page 812 and 813:
768 16 Legumesacid), heated (100
Page 814 and 815:
17 Vegetables and Vegetable Product
Page 816 and 817:
772 17 Vegetables and Vegetable Pro
Page 818 and 819:
Page 820 and 821:
Page 822 and 823:
Page 824 and 825:
Page 826 and 827:
Page 828 and 829:
Page 830 and 831:
Page 832 and 833:
Page 834 and 835:
Page 836 and 837:
Page 838 and 839:
Page 840 and 841:
Page 842 and 843:
Page 844 and 845:
Page 846 and 847:
Page 848 and 849:
Page 850 and 851:
Page 852 and 853:
808 18 Fruits and Fruit ProductsTab
Page 854 and 855:
Page 856 and 857:
Page 858 and 859:
Page 860 and 861:
Page 862 and 863:
Page 864 and 865:
820 18 Fruits and Fruit Productsint
Page 866 and 867:
Page 868 and 869:
Page 870 and 871:
826 18 Fruits and Fruit Products(18
Page 872 and 873:
Page 874 and 875:
830 18 Fruits and Fruit Productscya
Page 876 and 877:
832 18 Fruits and Fruit Productsis
Page 878 and 879:
Page 880 and 881:
Page 882 and 883:
Page 884 and 885:
Page 886 and 887:
842 18 Fruits and Fruit Products(cf
Page 888 and 889:
844 18 Fruits and Fruit ProductsFig
Page 890 and 891:
846 18 Fruits and Fruit Products18.
Page 892 and 893:
848 18 Fruits and Fruit Productsbut
Page 894 and 895:
Page 896 and 897:
852 18 Fruits and Fruit Productsmar
Page 898 and 899:
854 18 Fruits and Fruit Productslat
Page 900 and 901:
856 18 Fruits and Fruit Productsinv
Page 902 and 903:
Page 904 and 905:
860 18 Fruits and Fruit Productsbev
Page 906 and 907:
19 Sugars, Sugar Alcohols and Honey
Page 908 and 909:
864 19 Sugars, Sugar Alcohols and H
Page 910 and 911:
Page 912 and 913:
Page 914 and 915:
Page 916 and 917:
Page 918 and 919:
Page 920 and 921:
Page 922 and 923:
Page 924 and 925:
Page 926 and 927:
Page 928 and 929:
Page 930 and 931:
Page 932 and 933:
Page 934 and 935:
Page 936 and 937:
20 Alcoholic BeveragesAlcoholic bev
Page 938 and 939:
894 20 Alcoholic BeveragesTable 20.
Page 940 and 941:
Page 942 and 943:
898 20 Alcoholic Beveragesharvested
Page 944 and 945:
900 20 Alcoholic Beveragesenzyme in
Page 946 and 947:
902 20 Alcoholic BeveragesThus, for
Page 948 and 949:
904 20 Alcoholic Beverages7-8%; mal
Page 950 and 951:
Page 952 and 953:
908 20 Alcoholic BeveragesFig. 20.4
Page 954 and 955:
Page 956 and 957:
Page 958 and 959:
914 20 Alcoholic Beveragesto 50 ◦
Page 960 and 961:
916 20 Alcoholic Beveragesthe insta
Page 962 and 963:
918 20 Alcoholic Beveragesstability
Page 964 and 965:
920 20 Alcoholic Beverageslimit is
Page 966 and 967:
Page 968 and 969:
Page 970 and 971:
926 20 Alcoholic Beveragescentratio
Page 972 and 973:
928 20 Alcoholic Beveragesthe spark
Page 974 and 975:
Page 976 and 977:
932 20 Alcoholic BeveragesDuring di
Page 978 and 979:
934 20 Alcoholic BeveragesIn the pr
Page 980 and 981:
936 20 Alcoholic BeveragesAllasch,
Page 982 and 983:
21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoa21.1 Coffee an
Page 984 and 985:
940 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoaclean flav
Page 986 and 987:
942 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoachanges in
Page 988 and 989:
944 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoaand theoph
Page 990 and 991:
946 21 Coffee, Tea, CocoaTable 21.1
Page 992 and 993:
948 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoa(21.4)Tabl
Page 994 and 995:
950 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoatemperatur
Page 996 and 997:
952 21 Coffee, Tea, CocoaIndia and
Page 998 and 999:
954 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoaof great i
Page 1000 and 1001:
956 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoathe peroxi
Page 1002 and 1003:
958 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoa21.2.7 Pac
Page 1004 and 1005:
960 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoapulp surro
Page 1006 and 1007:
962 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoatinesteras
Page 1008 and 1009:
964 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoa21.3.2.3.7
Page 1010 and 1011:
966 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoaand porous
Page 1012 and 1013:
968 21 Coffee, Tea, CocoaTable 21.2
Page 1014 and 1015:
970 21 Coffee, Tea, CocoaSchieberle
Page 1016 and 1017:
972 22 Spices, Salt and VinegarTabl
Page 1018 and 1019:
Page 1020 and 1021:
976 22 Spices, Salt and Vinegar22.1
Page 1022 and 1023:
Page 1024 and 1025:
Page 1026 and 1027:
982 22 Spices, Salt and VinegarCont
Page 1028 and 1029:
984 22 Spices, Salt and Vinegarprov
Page 1030 and 1031:
23 Drinking Water, Mineral and Tabl
Page 1032 and 1033:
988 23 Drinking Water, Mineral and
Page 1034 and 1035:
990 IndexADI-value 467, 468Adipic a
Page 1036 and 1037:
992 Index-, egg 548(T)-, egg white
Page 1038 and 1039:
994 Index-, fruit, content 829(T)-,
Page 1040 and 1041:
996 Index-, saffron 974(T), 977, 97
Page 1042 and 1043:
998 IndexBeer 892-, acid 902-, alco
Page 1044 and 1045:
1000 IndexBrisling 618Broad bean, c
Page 1046 and 1047:
1002 IndexCarboxypeptidase B 077(T)
Page 1048 and 1049:
1004 Index-, -, application of lyso
Page 1050 and 1051:
1006 Index-, sterol 229(T)-, unsapo
Page 1052 and 1053:
1008 IndexCrabs, color retention 14
Page 1054 and 1055:
1010 Index-, production 799, 800(F)
Page 1056 and 1057:
1012 IndexDragée 881Dried fruit, A
Page 1058 and 1059:
1014 Index-, immobilization 147, 14
Page 1060 and 1061:
1016 Index-, -, lipolysis 667-, det
Page 1062 and 1063:
1018 IndexFish sperm 636Fishy off-f
Page 1064 and 1065:
1020 Index-, haze, PVPP 837-, membr
Page 1066 and 1067:
1022 Index-, egg white 549(T)-, leg
Page 1068 and 1069:
1024 Index-, ovomucin 551-, ovomuco
Page 1070 and 1071:
1026 IndexHexenal, (Z)-3--, aroma,
Page 1072 and 1073:
1028 Index-, alginate 301(T), 304-,
Page 1074 and 1075:
1030 IndexKey odorant, example 340(
Page 1076 and 1077:
1032 IndexLinoleic acid, autoxidati
Page 1078 and 1079:
1034 Index-, discovery 011-, guanid
Page 1080 and 1081:
1036 Index-, defect 588-, DFD 588,
Page 1082 and 1083:
1038 Index-, odor threshold value 3
Page 1084 and 1085:
1040 Index-, conformation 254-, con
Page 1086 and 1087:
1042 IndexNon-competitive inhibitio
Page 1088 and 1089:
1044 Index-, structure, melting poi
Page 1090 and 1091:
1046 Index-, saponin content 763(T)
Page 1092 and 1093:
1048 IndexPhenylalanine-free diet 0
Page 1094 and 1095:
1050 Index-, temperature of phase t
Page 1096 and 1097:
1052 Index-, isoionic point 059, 05
Page 1098 and 1099:
1054 IndexRadiation detection, food
Page 1100 and 1101:
1056 IndexSafflower seed, productio
Page 1102 and 1103:
1058 IndexSorbitan fatty acid ester
Page 1104 and 1105:
1060 IndexStarch ester 326Starch et
Page 1106 and 1107:
1062 IndexTable wine 919Tablet 881T
Page 1108 and 1109:
1064 Index-, occurrence 234(T)-, st
Page 1110 and 1111:
1066 IndexVanilla, aroma substance
Page 1112 and 1113:
1068 Index-, -, electropherogram 68
Page 1114:
1070 Index-, solubility 862(F)-, wa
show all

2009_Book_FoodChemistry

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?