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562 11 EggsPalmer, H.H., Ijichi, K., Roff, H.: Partial thermal reversalof gelation in thawed egg yolk products. J. FoodSci. 35, 403 (1970)Spiro, R.G.: Glycoproteins. Adv. Protein Chem. 27,349 (1973)Stadelmann, W.J., Cotterill, O.J. (Eds.): Egg scienceand technology. 2nd edn., AVI Publ. Cp.: Westport,Conn, 1977Taborsky, G.: Phosphoproteins. Adv. Protein Chem. 28,1 (1974)Ternes, W., Acker, L., Scholtyssek, S.: Ei und Eiprodukte,Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, 1994Tunmann, P., Silberzahn, H.: Über die Kohlenhydrateim Hühnerei. I. Freie Kohlenhydrate. Z. Lebensm.Forsch. 115, 121 (1961)
12 Meat12.1 ForewordMuch evidence from many civilizations hasverified that the meat of wild and domesticatedanimals has played a significant role in humannutrition since ancient times. In addition tothe skeletal muscle of warm-blooded animals,which in a strict sense is “meat”, other partsare also used: fat tissue, some internal organsand blood. Definitions of the term “meat” canvary greatly, corresponding to the intendedpurpose. From the aspect of food legislationfor instance, the term meat includes all theparts of warm-blooded animals, in fresh orprocessed form, which are suitable for humanconsumption. In the colloquial language the termmeat means skeletal muscle tissue containingmore-or-less adhering fat. Some data concerningmeat production and consumption are compiledin Tables 12.1–12.3.Table 12.1. World meat production in 2006 (1000 t) aContinent (Beef/Veal) Buffalo (Mutton/Lamb) GoatCattle meatSheep meatWorld 61,033 3183 8633 4945Africa 4565 270 1167 932America, Central- 1992 — 49 43America, North- 13,301 — 101 21America, South- and Caribbean 15,672 — 293 138Asia 13,664 2911 4653 3706Europe 11,033 1 1294 128Oceania 2797 — 1126 20Continent Pork Horse Chicken meat Duck meatWorld 105,604 772 73,057 3846Africa 838 11 3472 57America, Central- 1225 84 3103 20America, North- 11,448 44 16,941 93America, South- and Caribbean 6011 191 16,567 37Asia 62,013 333 24,226 3226Europe 24,767 169 10,908 423Oceania 526 22 944 10ContinentMeat, grand totalWorld 272,884Africa 12,528America, Central- 6542America, North- 45,574America, South- and Caribbean 39,628Asia 118,103Europe 51,204Oceania 5846H.-D. Belitz · W. Grosch · P. Schieberle, Food Chemistry 563© Springer 2009
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Food Chemistry
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Professor Dr. Hans-Dieter Belitz
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viPrefacewill prove useful to both
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viiiContents1.2.4.4 ReactionsofAmin
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xContents2.2.4 IsolationandPurifica
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xiiContents3 Lipids ...............
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xivContents3.8.3.2 Analysis........
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xviContents4.4.4.8.3 Utilization .
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xviiiContents5.3 Individual Aroma C
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xxContents7.2.2 Potassium..........
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xxiiContents8.15.3 SyntheticEmulsif
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xxivContents10.2.7 IceCream........
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xxviContents12.3.6 Guanidine Compou
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xxviiiContents13.1.4.3 Other N-Comp
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xxxContents14.5.3.1 Lipolysis .....
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xxxiiContents15.4.3.3.2 WhiteBreadC
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xxxivContents18 Fruits and Fruit Pr
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xxxviContents19.1.3 Nutritional/Phy
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xxxviii Contents20.1.4.4 Wort Boili
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xlContents21.1.3.3.2 Carbohydrates
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xliiContents22.3.1 Production . ...
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xlivIntroductionThis brief outline
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2 0 WaterH-bridges. This structure
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4 0 WaterTable 0.4. Water activity
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6 0 WaterTable 0.7. T ′ g and W
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1 Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins1.
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10 1 Amino Acids, Peptides, Protein
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94 2 EnzymesTable 2.1. Examples of
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96 2 Enzymes2.2.4 Isolation and Pur
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98 2 Enzymeslation are specified in
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100 2 EnzymesTable 2.4. Systematic
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102 2 Enzymes2.3.1.2 Adenosine Trip
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104 2 Enzymes(2.14)of the amino aci
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106 2 EnzymesTable 2.5. Redox poten
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108 2 Enzymeswith a number of prote
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110 2 EnzymesFig. 2.12. A schematic
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112 2 EnzymesFig. 2.13. Example of
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114 2 Enzymestions simultaneously:(
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116 2 EnzymesFig. 2.18. Postulated
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118 2 Enzymestermediary enzyme-subs
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120 2 EnzymesTable 2.9. Rate consta
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122 2 Enzymesmechanism:(2.51)In an
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124 2 EnzymesFig. 2.26. Plotting sl
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126 2 Enzymesand concentration of i
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128 2 Enzymesbitor; K m is unchange
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130 2 EnzymesIn order to better und
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132 2 EnzymesFor the reaction rate
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134 2 EnzymesFig. 2.35. Fungal α-a
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136 2 EnzymesFig. 2.40. Blanching o
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138 2 Enzymes2.6.1 Substrate Determ
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140 2 EnzymesTable 2.17. Enzyme con
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142 2 EnzymesTable 2.18. Examples f
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144 2 Enzymesnitude due to amplific
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146 2 EnzymesTable 2.20. Examples f
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148 2 EnzymesFig. 2.47. Enzyme immo
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150 2 EnzymesTable 2.21. Michaelis
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152 2 Enzymes2.7.2.2.6 α-D-Galacto
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154 2 Enzymes2.7.2.2.15 TannasesTan
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156 2 EnzymesBlow, D.M., Birktoft,
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3 Lipids3.1 ForewordLipids are form
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160 3 LipidsTable 3.3. Aroma thresh
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162 3 Lipids3.2.1.2 Unsaturated Fat
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164 3 LipidsTable 3.9. Taste of uns
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166 3 Lipidsin Fig. 3.2. The dimer
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168 3 Lipidsproceeds under mild con
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170 3 LipidsFig. 3.5. Biosynthesis
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172 3 LipidsTable 3.13. Crystalliza
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174 3 LipidsFig. 3.7. Composition o
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176 3 LipidsAlternatively, the ster
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178 3 Lipids3.3.2.2 Physical Proper
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180 3 Lipidsble bond in the cis-con
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182 3 Lipids(3.40a)(3.40b)(3.41)(3.
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184 3 LipidsFig. 3.12. Separation o
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186 3 LipidsFig. 3.14. Arrangement
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188 3 Lipidssince the free C 4 -C 1
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190 3 LipidsTable 3.24. Free fatty
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192 3 LipidsTable 3.26. Induction p
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194 3 LipidsFig. 3.20. Autoxidation
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196 3 LipidsPeroxy radicals with is
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198 3 Lipidsagreement with the abov
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200 3 LipidsTable 3.29. Linoleic ac
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202 3 LipidsTable 3.30. Rate consta
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204 3 LipidsTable 3.32. Sensory pro
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206 3 LipidsFig. 3.27. Proton-catal
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208 3 LipidsFig. 3.29. Lipoxygenase
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210 3 Lipidshydrolysis, the allene
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212 3 LipidsTable 3.35. Products ob
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214 3 Lipidstexture, decreases in p
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216 3 Lipidspherols secure the stab
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218 3 Lipidsincludes the 2,3-double
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220 3 Lipidscomplex heavy metal ion
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222 3 LipidsTable 3.45. Volatile co
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224 3 LipidsTable 3.46. Relative st
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226 3 LipidsFig. 3.41. Fungal degra
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228 3 LipidsTable 3.49. Cholesterol
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230 3 LipidsFig. 3.42. Photochemica
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232 3 LipidsGas chromatographic-mas
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234 3 LipidsFig. 3.45. Tocopherols
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236 3 Lipidsname “carotene”, de
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238 3 LipidsThis xanthophyll occurs
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240 3 LipidsBixin (XVIII) (3.138)Bi
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242 3 LipidsTable 3.59. Aroma compo
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244 3 Lipids(3.143)3.8.4.5 Use of C
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246 3 LipidsFoti, M., Piattelli, M.
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4 Carbohydrates4.1 ForewordCarbohyd
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250 4 CarbohydratesCorrespondingly,
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252 4 Carbohydrates(4.8)(4.9)Fig. 4
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254 4 CarbohydratesThe reaction rat
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256 4 Carbohydratestion a mixture e
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258 4 CarbohydratesTable 4.8. Speci
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260 4 CarbohydratesFig. 4.5. Temper
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262 4 Carbohydratescopyranosyl mann
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264 4 CarbohydratesDehydrating Reac
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266 4 CarbohydratesWith the 2,3-ene
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268 4 Carbohydrates(4.44)reactive a
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270 4 CarbohydratesAmmonia catalyze
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272 4 Carbohydrates(4.52)The reason
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274 4 Carbohydrates(4.57)(4.58)4.2.
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276 4 Carbohydrates(4.63)by reducti
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278 4 Carbohydrates(4.70)re-formati
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280 4 Carbohydrates(4.79)(4.80)inst
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282 4 CarbohydratesVarious oxidatio
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284 4 Carbohydrates4.2.4.4.8 Format
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286 4 Carbohydrates(4.96)Pyridosine
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288 4 Carbohydrates(4.100)(4.101)Ta
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290 4 CarbohydratesThis then reacts
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292 4 Carbohydratestrimethylchloros
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294 4 Carbohydratestose and the C-2
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296 4 Carbohydratescontain shorter
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298 4 CarbohydratesFig. 4.13. Stabi
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300 4 Carbohydrates4.4.3 Properties
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302 4 CarbohydratesThe solubility i
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304 4 Carbohydratesbe adjusted as d
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306 4 Carbohydratesas the carrageen
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308 4 Carbohydrates(4.140)proximate
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310 4 Carbohydrates4.4.4.7 Gum Trag
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312 4 Carbohydrates4.4.4.10.2 Struc
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314 4 Carbohydrates4.4.4.13 Pectin4
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316 4 Carbohydratesseparated in hyd
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318 4 CarbohydratesFig. 4.25. Model
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320 4 CarbohydratesFig. 4.31. Behav
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322 4 CarbohydratesFig. 4.33. Unit
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324 4 Carbohydratesbranch chains is
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326 4 Carbohydratesby its conversio
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328 4 Carbohydratesimals can utiliz
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330 4 CarbohydratesTable 4.27. Util
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332 4 Carbohydratesas a side chain
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334 4 Carbohydrates4.4.5.1.4 α-Dex
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336 4 CarbohydratesFig. 4.42. Reduc
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338 4 CarbohydratesHofmann, T.: Cha
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5 Aroma Compounds5.1 Foreword5.1.1
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342 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.4. Com
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344 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.5. “
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346 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.6. Pos
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348 5 Aroma CompoundsSolid foods ar
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350 5 Aroma Compounds5.2.2.1 Aroma
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352 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.9. Appa
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354 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.11. Ins
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356 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.13. Ena
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358 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.15. Iso
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360 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.16. So
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362 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.18. Fu
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364 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.21. Se
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366 5 Aroma Compounds(5.12)Some rea
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368 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.21. For
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370 5 Aroma Compounds(5.14)(5.15)am
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372 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.24. Py
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374 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.26. Pr
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376 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.28. Py
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378 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.28. For
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380 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.30. Bio
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382 5 Aroma CompoundsThe whisky or
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384 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.33. (C
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386 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.34. Se
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388 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.35. Te
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390 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.32. Inf
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392 5 Aroma CompoundsTo calculate t
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394 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.40. Ty
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396 5 Aroma CompoundsTable 5.42. Sy
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398 5 Aroma Compoundsbly to the off
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400 5 Aroma CompoundsFig. 5.38. Odo
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402 5 Aroma CompoundsSaxby, M.J. (E
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404 6 Vitaminsciency can result in
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406 6 Vitaminsby cleavage of the ce
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408 6 Vitamins(6.3)6.2.3.3 Stabilit
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410 6 VitaminsTable 6.7. ContinuedF
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412 6 Vitaminsdrate metabolism, the
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414 6 Vitaminspyridoxal phosphate,
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416 6 Vitamins(6.16)fer single carb
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418 6 Vitaminsvegetables from winte
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420 6 VitaminsFig. 6.4. Ascorbic ac
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422 7 MineralsTable 7.2. Mineral co
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424 7 Minerals7.2.3 MagnesiumThe co
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426 7 Mineralssuch as arginase, ami
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428 7 Minerals7.3.3.4 SiliconSilico
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430 8 Food Additivesis made to legi
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432 8 Food Additivesintensive α-ke
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434 8 Food AdditivesFig. 8.4. Model
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436 8 Food AdditivesTable 8.3. Tast
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438 8 Food AdditivesTable 8.5. Amin
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440 8 Food Additivesand the thiocar
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442 8 Food Additivesinto amino acid
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444 8 Food AdditivesTable 8.12. Exa
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446 8 Food AdditivesTable 8.13. Str
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448 8 Food Additives8.10.6 Lactic A
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450 8 Food Additives(pK a = 4.19) i
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452 8 Food AdditivesThe microbial a
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454 8 Food Additives“gaseous rins
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456 8 Food AdditivesIn the producti
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458 8 Food Additives(mechanical des
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460 8 Food Additivessaponification
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462 8 Food AdditivesUnlike acetem a
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464 8 Food Additives• introductio
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466 8 Food Additivesing” compound
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468 9 Food ContaminationADI: the AD
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470 9 Food Contaminationin trace an
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472 9 Food Contaminationtion is cha
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474 9 Food ContaminationTable 9.3.
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476 9 Food Contaminationthe recomme
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478 9 Food ContaminationFig. 9.2. (
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482 9 Food Contaminationcan destroy
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488 9 Food ContaminationFig. 9.3. S
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490 9 Food Contamination(9.3)As a r
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492 9 Food Contaminationamide can a
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494 9 Food ContaminationNitrosamine
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496 9 Food Contaminationlife (aqueo
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10 Milk and Dairy Products10.1 Milk
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500 10 Milk and Dairy ProductsTable
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506 10 Milk and Dairy ProductsFig.
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510 10 Milk and Dairy ProductsFig.
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Page 590 and 591: 11 Eggs11.1 ForewordEggs have been
Page 592 and 593: 548 11 EggsTable 11.3. Amino acid c
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Page 598 and 599: 554 11 Eggsrange of 5 to 221 kdal.
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612 12 Meathousehold as meat tender
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614 12 Meatcontain milk, egg or soy
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616 12 MeatTraub, W., Piez, K. A.:
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618 13 Fish, Whales, Crustaceans, M
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14 Edible Fats * and Oils14.1 Forew
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642 14 Edible Fats and OilsTable 14
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644 14 Edible Fats and Oilscontains
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650 14 Edible Fats and Oilsor ident
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654 14 Edible Fats and Oilsthe aque
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656 14 Edible Fats and Oilsfining s
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658 14 Edible Fats and Oils14.4.2.3
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660 14 Edible Fats and OilsThe appl
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662 14 Edible Fats and OilsFig. 14.
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666 14 Edible Fats and OilsThe dete
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15 Cereals and Cereal Products15.1
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672 15 Cereals and Cereal ProductsT
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676 15 Cereals and Cereal ProductsF
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680 15 Cereals and Cereal Productsc
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698 15 Cereals and Cereal Products1
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702 15 Cereals and Cereal Productsa
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704 15 Cereals and Cereal Productse
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708 15 Cereals and Cereal Productss
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714 15 Cereals and Cereal Productsi
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718 15 Cereals and Cereal Productsi
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744 15 Cereals and Cereal ProductsK
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16 Legumes16.1 ForewordRipe seeds o
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748 16 LegumesTable 16.1. (Continue
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750 16 LegumesTable 16.6. Amino aci
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752 16 LegumesTable 16.8. Amino aci
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754 16 LegumesTable 16.11. Examples
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756 16 LegumesTable 16.13. Active c
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758 16 LegumesTable 16.16. Destruct
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760 16 LegumesTable 16.21. Carbohyd
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762 16 LegumesTable 16.24. Fatty ac
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764 16 LegumesSaponins contribute t
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766 16 LegumesFig. 16.6. Soybean pr
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768 16 Legumesacid), heated (100
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17 Vegetables and Vegetable Product
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772 17 Vegetables and Vegetable Pro
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808 18 Fruits and Fruit ProductsTab
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820 18 Fruits and Fruit Productsint
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826 18 Fruits and Fruit Products(18
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830 18 Fruits and Fruit Productscya
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832 18 Fruits and Fruit Productsis
Page 878 and 879:
Page 880 and 881:
Page 882 and 883:
Page 884 and 885:
Page 886 and 887:
842 18 Fruits and Fruit Products(cf
Page 888 and 889:
844 18 Fruits and Fruit ProductsFig
Page 890 and 891:
846 18 Fruits and Fruit Products18.
Page 892 and 893:
848 18 Fruits and Fruit Productsbut
Page 894 and 895:
Page 896 and 897:
852 18 Fruits and Fruit Productsmar
Page 898 and 899:
854 18 Fruits and Fruit Productslat
Page 900 and 901:
856 18 Fruits and Fruit Productsinv
Page 902 and 903:
Page 904 and 905:
860 18 Fruits and Fruit Productsbev
Page 906 and 907:
19 Sugars, Sugar Alcohols and Honey
Page 908 and 909:
864 19 Sugars, Sugar Alcohols and H
Page 910 and 911:
Page 912 and 913:
Page 914 and 915:
Page 916 and 917:
Page 918 and 919:
Page 920 and 921:
Page 922 and 923:
Page 924 and 925:
Page 926 and 927:
Page 928 and 929:
Page 930 and 931:
Page 932 and 933:
Page 934 and 935:
Page 936 and 937:
20 Alcoholic BeveragesAlcoholic bev
Page 938 and 939:
894 20 Alcoholic BeveragesTable 20.
Page 940 and 941:
Page 942 and 943:
898 20 Alcoholic Beveragesharvested
Page 944 and 945:
900 20 Alcoholic Beveragesenzyme in
Page 946 and 947:
902 20 Alcoholic BeveragesThus, for
Page 948 and 949:
904 20 Alcoholic Beverages7-8%; mal
Page 950 and 951:
Page 952 and 953:
908 20 Alcoholic BeveragesFig. 20.4
Page 954 and 955:
Page 956 and 957:
Page 958 and 959:
914 20 Alcoholic Beveragesto 50 ◦
Page 960 and 961:
916 20 Alcoholic Beveragesthe insta
Page 962 and 963:
918 20 Alcoholic Beveragesstability
Page 964 and 965:
920 20 Alcoholic Beverageslimit is
Page 966 and 967:
Page 968 and 969:
Page 970 and 971:
926 20 Alcoholic Beveragescentratio
Page 972 and 973:
928 20 Alcoholic Beveragesthe spark
Page 974 and 975:
Page 976 and 977:
932 20 Alcoholic BeveragesDuring di
Page 978 and 979:
934 20 Alcoholic BeveragesIn the pr
Page 980 and 981:
936 20 Alcoholic BeveragesAllasch,
Page 982 and 983:
21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoa21.1 Coffee an
Page 984 and 985:
940 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoaclean flav
Page 986 and 987:
942 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoachanges in
Page 988 and 989:
944 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoaand theoph
Page 990 and 991:
946 21 Coffee, Tea, CocoaTable 21.1
Page 992 and 993:
948 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoa(21.4)Tabl
Page 994 and 995:
950 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoatemperatur
Page 996 and 997:
952 21 Coffee, Tea, CocoaIndia and
Page 998 and 999:
954 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoaof great i
Page 1000 and 1001:
956 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoathe peroxi
Page 1002 and 1003:
958 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoa21.2.7 Pac
Page 1004 and 1005:
960 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoapulp surro
Page 1006 and 1007:
962 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoatinesteras
Page 1008 and 1009:
964 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoa21.3.2.3.7
Page 1010 and 1011:
966 21 Coffee, Tea, Cocoaand porous
Page 1012 and 1013:
968 21 Coffee, Tea, CocoaTable 21.2
Page 1014 and 1015:
970 21 Coffee, Tea, CocoaSchieberle
Page 1016 and 1017:
972 22 Spices, Salt and VinegarTabl
Page 1018 and 1019:
Page 1020 and 1021:
976 22 Spices, Salt and Vinegar22.1
Page 1022 and 1023:
Page 1024 and 1025:
Page 1026 and 1027:
982 22 Spices, Salt and VinegarCont
Page 1028 and 1029:
984 22 Spices, Salt and Vinegarprov
Page 1030 and 1031:
23 Drinking Water, Mineral and Tabl
Page 1032 and 1033:
988 23 Drinking Water, Mineral and
Page 1034 and 1035:
990 IndexADI-value 467, 468Adipic a
Page 1036 and 1037:
992 Index-, egg 548(T)-, egg white
Page 1038 and 1039:
994 Index-, fruit, content 829(T)-,
Page 1040 and 1041:
996 Index-, saffron 974(T), 977, 97
Page 1042 and 1043:
998 IndexBeer 892-, acid 902-, alco
Page 1044 and 1045:
1000 IndexBrisling 618Broad bean, c
Page 1046 and 1047:
1002 IndexCarboxypeptidase B 077(T)
Page 1048 and 1049:
1004 Index-, -, application of lyso
Page 1050 and 1051:
1006 Index-, sterol 229(T)-, unsapo
Page 1052 and 1053:
1008 IndexCrabs, color retention 14
Page 1054 and 1055:
1010 Index-, production 799, 800(F)
Page 1056 and 1057:
1012 IndexDragée 881Dried fruit, A
Page 1058 and 1059:
1014 Index-, immobilization 147, 14
Page 1060 and 1061:
1016 Index-, -, lipolysis 667-, det
Page 1062 and 1063:
1018 IndexFish sperm 636Fishy off-f
Page 1064 and 1065:
1020 Index-, haze, PVPP 837-, membr
Page 1066 and 1067:
1022 Index-, egg white 549(T)-, leg
Page 1068 and 1069:
1024 Index-, ovomucin 551-, ovomuco
Page 1070 and 1071:
1026 IndexHexenal, (Z)-3--, aroma,
Page 1072 and 1073:
1028 Index-, alginate 301(T), 304-,
Page 1074 and 1075:
1030 IndexKey odorant, example 340(
Page 1076 and 1077:
1032 IndexLinoleic acid, autoxidati
Page 1078 and 1079:
1034 Index-, discovery 011-, guanid
Page 1080 and 1081:
1036 Index-, defect 588-, DFD 588,
Page 1082 and 1083:
1038 Index-, odor threshold value 3
Page 1084 and 1085:
1040 Index-, conformation 254-, con
Page 1086 and 1087:
1042 IndexNon-competitive inhibitio
Page 1088 and 1089:
1044 Index-, structure, melting poi
Page 1090 and 1091:
1046 Index-, saponin content 763(T)
Page 1092 and 1093:
1048 IndexPhenylalanine-free diet 0
Page 1094 and 1095:
1050 Index-, temperature of phase t
Page 1096 and 1097:
1052 Index-, isoionic point 059, 05
Page 1098 and 1099:
1054 IndexRadiation detection, food
Page 1100 and 1101:
1056 IndexSafflower seed, productio
Page 1102 and 1103:
1058 IndexSorbitan fatty acid ester
Page 1104 and 1105:
1060 IndexStarch ester 326Starch et
Page 1106 and 1107:
1062 IndexTable wine 919Tablet 881T
Page 1108 and 1109:
1064 Index-, occurrence 234(T)-, st
Page 1110 and 1111:
1066 IndexVanilla, aroma substance
Page 1112 and 1113:
1068 Index-, -, electropherogram 68
Page 1114:
1070 Index-, solubility 862(F)-, wa
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2009_Book_FoodChemistry

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