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Cite articles in journals by name of the author(s), title of the article, volume, title of the journal (typically abbreviated, e.g., Delhi Law Review (D.L.R.)), page referenced, and year (in parentheses): 86 Vikram Raghavan, The Environment, Future Generations and Intergenerational Equity: Our Duties to the Posterity, XVII D.L.R. 199 (1997).
IRELAND Éire (Republic of Ireland) I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Common Law) Ireland is a parliamentary, democratic republic. The official languages of Ireland are Irish and English; legislation appears in both languages. The modern Irish state was established in 1937. Ireland was formally declared a republic in 1948. The Irish legal system is based on the common law tradition. The Irish Constitution (Bunreacht na Éireann), enacted in 1937, is Ireland’s fundamental legal document. The Constitution describes the main institutions of the state and establishes the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government. It also recognizes and declares certain fundamental personal rights. Legislative power is vested in the National Parliament (Oireachtas). Parliament consists of the President and two houses (Houses of the Oireachtas): the Senate (the Seanad Eireann) and the House of Representatives (the Dáil Eireann). The President is directly elected by the people to a seven-year term and may not serve more than two terms. The President is the head of state, but this is a largely ceremonial role and does not entail executive authority. All legislation passed by Parliament, however, must be presented to the President for final approval. The President may refer legislation to the Supreme Court if a question of constitutionality arises. The President also dissolves the Parliament on the Prime Minister’s (Taoiseach’s) advice, although this power is discretionary if the Prime Minister has ceased to retain a majority of Parliament. The sixty members of the Senate are either nominated or elected as follows: eleven members are nominated by the Prime Minister, six members are elected by the national universities, and forty-three members are elected from panels of candidates established on a vocational basis. The 166 members of the House of Representatives are directly elected by the people to a maximum term of five years under a complex system of proportional representation. Primary legislation is passed through Acts of the Parliament, and subordinate legislation is made by Government Ministers under powers conferred on them by Acts. The vast majority of legislation is formulated in this House. Bills to amend the Constitution and financial legislation can only be initiated in the House of Representatives. The Senate does have the power to delay legislative proposals and is allowed ninety days to consider and amend bills sent to it by the House of Representatives. The Senate, however, may only make recommendations as to financial legislation, and this must be done within twenty-one days (as opposed to the normal ninety). Executive power is vested in the Government. The Government consists of the Prime Minister and at least six, but not more than fourteen, cabinet ministers who meet and act as a collective authority. Formally, the Prime Minister and cabinet ministers are appointed by the President, with the approval of or on the nomination of the House of Representatives. Effectively, the Prime Minister is elected by the political party, or coalition of parties, which holds a majority of the seats in the House of Representatives. Cabinet of ministers are nominated by the Prime Minister and approved by the House of Representatives. In addition to exercising executive authority, the Government acts in an administrative and legislative role. The Government is also responsible for managing public finances, and only the Government may introduce financial legislation in the House of Representatives. If the Prime Minister loses the 87
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NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW J
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Contents FORWARD AND GENERAL INSTRU
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6.0 NEWSPAPERS AND WEEKLY JOURNALS
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JAPAN..............................
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9.0 CITATION OF ELECTRONIC MATERIAL
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II. CITATION GUIDE.................
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2.0 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL
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Forward and General Instructions Pu
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Acknowledgements Publication of the
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2 http://www.jus.gov.ar/ II. CITATI
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Courts of Ordinary Jurisdiction for
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES ENRIQUE R.
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The Federal Court of Australia was
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Generally, court names are not incl
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journal title (italicized), article
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authority to test the constitutiona
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16 Trial Court for cartels: Kartell
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There are two guides available for
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7.0 Official Publications Cite offi
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Internet Resources: 22 Federal Sena
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3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by typ
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26 CANADA I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Commo
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Cite laws by title (italicized), vo
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7.0 Official Publications Cite offi
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mainland China in 1997, but which k
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There is no comprehensive system of
Page 54 and 55: III. SELECTED REFERENCES WANG CHENG
Page 56 and 57: Administrative Court. Supreme Court
Page 58 and 59: Widely used monograph publications
Page 60 and 61: the other hand, do not bind Danish
Page 62 and 63: Regulations issued under the author
Page 64 and 65: 46 Poul Nyrup, Europas Fremtid, tal
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Page 68 and 69: 50 The official gazette of Egypt (a
Page 70 and 71: Internet Resource: 52 Parliament: h
Page 72 and 73: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 54 F
Page 74 and 75: in the Statute Book, decisions of t
Page 76 and 77: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 58 F
Page 78 and 79: 2.1.1 Official Gazette Laws and dec
Page 80 and 81: 62 Gazette du Palais (Gaz. Pal. or
Page 82 and 83: FRANÇOISE DREYFUS & FRANÇOIS D’
Page 84 and 85: of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof). In
Page 86 and 87: Many Federal Statutes can be found
Page 88 and 89: 4.0 Books Cite books by name of the
Page 90 and 91: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 72 G
Page 92 and 93: 74 Ministerial Decision: Ypourgiki
Page 94 and 95: Cite articles in newspapers and wee
Page 96 and 97: 78 Archive of Consultation (Green)
Page 98 and 99: 80 Bendtzen, “The Double Marginal
Page 100 and 101: India does not have a uniform citat
Page 102 and 103: Previous reporters which no longer
Page 106 and 107: support of the majority of the Hous
Page 108 and 109: Major law reporters are entitled an
Page 110 and 111: 92 ISRAEL Medinat Israel (State of
Page 112 and 113: More formal citations, which includ
Page 114 and 115: Cite unpublished cases as if citing
Page 116 and 117: hears appeals from the Justice of t
Page 118 and 119: 3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by cou
Page 120 and 121: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 102
Page 122 and 123: exceptions, the Japanese government
Page 124 and 125: 6.0 Newspapers and Weekly Journals
Page 126 and 127: 2.0 Legislation Cite legislation by
Page 128 and 129: 110 MEXICO Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Page 130 and 131: 112 phraseology is allowed when the
Page 132 and 133: Cite only official reporters, the n
Page 134 and 135: JAMES E. HERGER, AN INTRODUCTION TO
Page 136 and 137: The Supreme Court is the highest co
Page 138 and 139: III. SELECTED REFERENCES DRISS BASR
Page 140 and 141: The highest court is the Supreme Co
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Page 144 and 145: 126 NEW ZEALAND I. COUNTRY PROFILE
Page 146 and 147: Cite bills in the same way as acts
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Page 150 and 151: 132 NIGERIA Federal Republic of Nig
Page 152 and 153: 2.4 Edicts 134 Decree No.28 of 1970
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I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 136
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3.1 Reporters The most common repor
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II. CITATION GUIDE There is no unif
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4.0 Books 142 Khawaja Textile Mills
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144 THE PHILIPPINES Republika ng Pi
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2.3 Codes Cite codes by common titl
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4.0 Books Cite books by volume (if
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152 Art. 200 k.k. Alternatively, in
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1.0 Constitution Cite the Constitut
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8.0 Unpublished Materials Cite thes
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Rossiiskoi Federatsii). Ten Federal
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There are two main types of preside
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6.0 Newspapers and Weekly Journals
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166 SOUTH AFRICA Republic of South
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3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by nam
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170 SOUTH KOREA Taehan-min'guk (Rep
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172 Code of Criminal Procedure (Hyo
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES SUPREME CO
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The autonomous communities operate
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3.2 Reports When possible, cite to
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180 Constitution Act: Regeringsform
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182 SWITZERLAND Confédération Sui
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2.2 Codes Cite codes by article and
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Tribunaux (JdT), La Semaine Judicia
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calendar, see Section 0.2 above), e
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194 TANZANIA Jamhuri ya Muungano wa
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3.2 Unreported Cases Cite unreporte
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198 Parliament http://www.parliamen
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Other legislative sources of law us
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204 Lutfi Duran, “Anayasa Mahkeme
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206 UNITED KINGDOM I. COUNTRY PROFI
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2.0 Legislation Cite a statute by s
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(BCLC)). In such circumstances, it
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212 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA I. COU
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2.1 State and Territory Abbreviatio
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4.0 Books Cite books by name of the
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218 UNITED NATIONS & INTERNATIONAL
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They have wide-ranging internationa
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Alternatively, cite U.N. SCOR by vo
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2.3.1 Parent Organs The major paren
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2.3.6 Various Examples 226 A/52/4 [
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3.0 International Court of Justice
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Maritime Delimitation Between Guine
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES ROGER A. C
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European Coal and Steel Community (
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1.0 Basic Treaties Since most of th
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Beyond these more formal rules, aut
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Case 26/76 Metro SB-Grossmärkte Gm
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Case 168/78 Commission v France (Al
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Cases 48, 49, 51-57/69 Imperial Che
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I. ORGANIZATION PROFILE 246 WORLD T
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Final Act Embodying Uruguay Round:
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1.2 Subsequent or Informal Citation
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of GATT/WTO schedules into the Harm
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254 Treatment by Germany of Imports
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES JEANNE REH
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4.2 General Comments Cite general c
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260 III. HYBRID COURTS (Internation
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2.1.1 Unreported Decisions before N
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1.3 Separate Opinions Cite separate
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266 Significant Multilateral Treati
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3.0 Human Rights Convention on the
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11.2 Road Traffic Convention on Roa
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23.0 Antarctica Antarctic Treaty (W
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4.0 Relationship of International a
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12.0 State Responsibility Salem Cas
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21.0 International Trade Law [See t
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