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16 Trial Court for cartels: Kartellgerict (KartG) Note: Jurisdiction abbreviations can be found in Section 2.2 above. 3.3 Reports Austrian law reports (and abbreviations) include: OGH Report for civil matters: Entscheidungen des OGH in Zivilsachen (SZ) OGH Report for criminal matters: Entscheidungen des OGH in Strafsachen (SSt) VfGH Report for constitutional matters: Erkenntnisse und Beschlüsse des Verfassungsgerichtshofes (VfSlg) VwGH Report for administrative or tax matters: Erkenntnisse und Beschlüsse des Verwaltungsgerichtshofes, Neue Folge (VfSlgNF-A for tax; VfSlgNF-A for administrative law) ASG Report for labor matters: Sammlung Arbeitsrechtilicher Entscheidungen (ArbSlg) ASG Report for social insurance matters: Sozialversicherungsrechtliche Entscheidungen (SVSlg) HG Report for commercial matters: Handelsrechtliche Entscheidungen (HS) 4.0 Books Cite books by the last name of the author(s) or editor(s), followed by the title. Only use first initials to prevent confusion: Kafka, Der Prozess. In the event of multiple editions, the edition number should be superscripted: Pollak, System 2 . 5.0 Articles in Periodicals Cite articles in periodicals by author (italicized), article title, abbreviated periodical title (use the full title for formal citations), year of publication, and starting page number: Novak, Zur prozessualen Aufrechnungseinrede des österreichischen Rechts, JBl 1951, 504.
BELGIUM Koninkrijk België / Royaume de Belgique (Kingdom of Belgium) I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) Belgium is a constitutional, parliamentary monarchy. The three official languages are Dutch, French and German. There is a federal government, three Communities (the Flemish, French, and German Communities) and three Regions (the Flemish, Walloon, and the Brussels- Capital Regions). There are also ten Provinces. Roughly speaking, the Communities deal with cultural affairs, education and health, and the Regions mainly deal with economic affairs. The federal government’s power is limited by Article 35 of the Constitution to those powers which the Constitution and quasi-constitutional laws (a special type of laws adopted by special majorities) formally confer upon it. Legislation implementing Article 35, however, has not yet been enacted. Until it is, the Regions and Communities hold only those powers expressly conferred upon them by the Constitution and quasi-constitutional laws, and the federal government continues to hold all residual powers. Belgium has a bicameral Parliament composed of a Senate (Senaat in Flemish, Sénat in French) and a House of Representatives (Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Flemish, Chambre des Députés in French). Because the importance of the Senate has been reduced over time, the system is no longer fully bicameral. The King, the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate collectively exercise the legislative power. The King’s role, however, is primarily ceremonial. The Prime Minister is formally appointed by the King and approved by Parliament. The Constitution vests the judicial power in the courts. There is the Court of Cassation (Hof van Cassatie in Flemish or Cour de Cassation in French). The Court of Cassation is the highest court of appeals in its areas of compentency. It consists of bilingual Chambers specializing in civil cases, labor cases and criminal cases. Its judges are appointed for life by the King. The Arbitragehof (Cour d’Arbitrage) can declare laws unconstitutional. The Raad van State (Conseil d’Etat) gives advice about proposed laws and regulations and also is the highest administrative court. The government appoints and dismisses the officials of the public prosecutor’s office. The five Courts of Appeals in Belgium are the Brussels court, whose jurisdiction includes the provinces of Walloon Brabant, Flemish Brabant and the Region of Brussels-Capital; the Ghent court, whose jurisdiction includes the provinces of West-Flanders and East-Flanders; the Antwerp court, whose jurisdiction includes the provinces of Antwerp and Limburg; the Liège court, whose jurisdiction includes the provinces of Liège, Namur and Luxembourg; and the Mons court, whose jurisdiction includes the province of Hainaut. Courts with limited jurisdiction include commercial courts and labor courts which are governed by special laws. Internet Resource: Belgian Federal Portal http://www.belgium.fgov.be II. CITATION GUIDE 17
Page 1 and 2: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW J
Page 3 and 4: Contents FORWARD AND GENERAL INSTRU
Page 5 and 6: 6.0 NEWSPAPERS AND WEEKLY JOURNALS
Page 7 and 8: JAPAN..............................
Page 9 and 10: 9.0 CITATION OF ELECTRONIC MATERIAL
Page 11 and 12: II. CITATION GUIDE.................
Page 13 and 14: 2.0 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL
Page 15 and 16: Forward and General Instructions Pu
Page 17: Acknowledgements Publication of the
Page 20 and 21: 2 http://www.jus.gov.ar/ II. CITATI
Page 22 and 23: Courts of Ordinary Jurisdiction for
Page 24 and 25: III. SELECTED REFERENCES ENRIQUE R.
Page 26 and 27: The Federal Court of Australia was
Page 28 and 29: Generally, court names are not incl
Page 30 and 31: journal title (italicized), article
Page 32 and 33: authority to test the constitutiona
Page 36 and 37: There are two guides available for
Page 38 and 39: 7.0 Official Publications Cite offi
Page 40 and 41: Internet Resources: 22 Federal Sena
Page 42 and 43: 3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by typ
Page 44 and 45: 26 CANADA I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Commo
Page 46 and 47: Cite laws by title (italicized), vo
Page 48 and 49: 7.0 Official Publications Cite offi
Page 50 and 51: mainland China in 1997, but which k
Page 52 and 53: There is no comprehensive system of
Page 54 and 55: III. SELECTED REFERENCES WANG CHENG
Page 56 and 57: Administrative Court. Supreme Court
Page 58 and 59: Widely used monograph publications
Page 60 and 61: the other hand, do not bind Danish
Page 62 and 63: Regulations issued under the author
Page 64 and 65: 46 Poul Nyrup, Europas Fremtid, tal
Page 66 and 67: handles cases involving the state.
Page 68 and 69: 50 The official gazette of Egypt (a
Page 70 and 71: Internet Resource: 52 Parliament: h
Page 72 and 73: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 54 F
Page 74 and 75: in the Statute Book, decisions of t
Page 76 and 77: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 58 F
Page 78 and 79: 2.1.1 Official Gazette Laws and dec
Page 80 and 81: 62 Gazette du Palais (Gaz. Pal. or
Page 82 and 83: FRANÇOISE DREYFUS & FRANÇOIS D’
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of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof). In
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Many Federal Statutes can be found
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4.0 Books Cite books by name of the
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I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 72 G
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74 Ministerial Decision: Ypourgiki
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Cite articles in newspapers and wee
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78 Archive of Consultation (Green)
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80 Bendtzen, “The Double Marginal
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India does not have a uniform citat
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Previous reporters which no longer
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Cite articles in journals by name o
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support of the majority of the Hous
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Major law reporters are entitled an
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92 ISRAEL Medinat Israel (State of
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More formal citations, which includ
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Cite unpublished cases as if citing
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hears appeals from the Justice of t
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3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by cou
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I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 102
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exceptions, the Japanese government
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6.0 Newspapers and Weekly Journals
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2.0 Legislation Cite legislation by
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110 MEXICO Estados Unidos Mexicanos
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112 phraseology is allowed when the
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Cite only official reporters, the n
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JAMES E. HERGER, AN INTRODUCTION TO
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The Supreme Court is the highest co
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES DRISS BASR
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The highest court is the Supreme Co
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3.1 Courts Ordinary Jurisdiction Co
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126 NEW ZEALAND I. COUNTRY PROFILE
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Cite bills in the same way as acts
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Cite journal articles only availabl
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132 NIGERIA Federal Republic of Nig
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2.4 Edicts 134 Decree No.28 of 1970
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3.1 Reporters The most common repor
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II. CITATION GUIDE There is no unif
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4.0 Books 142 Khawaja Textile Mills
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144 THE PHILIPPINES Republika ng Pi
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2.3 Codes Cite codes by common titl
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4.0 Books Cite books by volume (if
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152 Art. 200 k.k. Alternatively, in
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1.0 Constitution Cite the Constitut
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8.0 Unpublished Materials Cite thes
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Rossiiskoi Federatsii). Ten Federal
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There are two main types of preside
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6.0 Newspapers and Weekly Journals
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166 SOUTH AFRICA Republic of South
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3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by nam
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170 SOUTH KOREA Taehan-min'guk (Rep
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172 Code of Criminal Procedure (Hyo
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES SUPREME CO
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The autonomous communities operate
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3.2 Reports When possible, cite to
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180 Constitution Act: Regeringsform
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182 SWITZERLAND Confédération Sui
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2.2 Codes Cite codes by article and
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Tribunaux (JdT), La Semaine Judicia
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calendar, see Section 0.2 above), e
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194 TANZANIA Jamhuri ya Muungano wa
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3.2 Unreported Cases Cite unreporte
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198 Parliament http://www.parliamen
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Other legislative sources of law us
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204 Lutfi Duran, “Anayasa Mahkeme
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206 UNITED KINGDOM I. COUNTRY PROFI
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2.0 Legislation Cite a statute by s
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(BCLC)). In such circumstances, it
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212 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA I. COU
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2.1 State and Territory Abbreviatio
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4.0 Books Cite books by name of the
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218 UNITED NATIONS & INTERNATIONAL
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They have wide-ranging internationa
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Alternatively, cite U.N. SCOR by vo
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2.3.1 Parent Organs The major paren
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2.3.6 Various Examples 226 A/52/4 [
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3.0 International Court of Justice
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Maritime Delimitation Between Guine
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES ROGER A. C
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European Coal and Steel Community (
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1.0 Basic Treaties Since most of th
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Beyond these more formal rules, aut
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Case 26/76 Metro SB-Grossmärkte Gm
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Case 168/78 Commission v France (Al
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Cases 48, 49, 51-57/69 Imperial Che
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I. ORGANIZATION PROFILE 246 WORLD T
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Final Act Embodying Uruguay Round:
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1.2 Subsequent or Informal Citation
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of GATT/WTO schedules into the Harm
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254 Treatment by Germany of Imports
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES JEANNE REH
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4.2 General Comments Cite general c
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260 III. HYBRID COURTS (Internation
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2.1.1 Unreported Decisions before N
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1.3 Separate Opinions Cite separate
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266 Significant Multilateral Treati
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3.0 Human Rights Convention on the
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11.2 Road Traffic Convention on Roa
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23.0 Antarctica Antarctic Treaty (W
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4.0 Relationship of International a
Page 294 and 295:
12.0 State Responsibility Salem Cas
Page 296:
21.0 International Trade Law [See t
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