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III. SELECTED REFERENCES ROGER A. COATE ET AL., THE UNITED NATIONS AND CHANGING WORLD POLITICS (2000). LINDA FASULO, AN INSIDER'S GUIDE TO THE UN (2003). THOMAS FRANCK, NATION AGAINST NATION: WHAT HAPPENED TO THE U.N. DREAM AND WHAT THE U.S. CAN DO ABOUT IT (1985). PETER MALANCZUK, AKEHURST'S MODERN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL LAW (7th ed. 1997). UNITED NATIONS, DIVIDED WORLD: THE UN'S ROLES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (Benedict Kingsbury et al. eds., 1994). 232
I. ORGANIZATION PROFILE EUROPEAN UNION In the aftermath of World War II, many European countries believed that closer economic and political integration was the best way to achieve lasting peace. In 1957, six countries — France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg — entered into the Rome Treaties, which provided for the creation of three new institutions: the European Economic Community (EEC), the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). The original Member States were joined by Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom in 1973, Greece in 1981, Portugal and Spain in 1986, and by Austria, Finland, and Sweden in 1995, bringing the total number of member states to fifteen. Over time, the activities of the Communities extended far beyond their initial goal of a common market to encompass the harmonization of Member States’ national economic laws and the promotion of free movement of labor and capital. Major changes to the political agenda and organizational structure of the Communities were introduced by four significant amendments to the Treaty of Rome on the EEC. The 1986 Single European Act provided the EEC with new powers in the fields of the environment, research, and development. The Act also attempted to create a framework for a common foreign policy of the Member States. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty on the European Union further increased the scope of the EEC’s powers (and renamed the institution the European Community (EC)), granting it some aspects of education, culture, public health, and consumer protection powers. The Maastricht Treaty balanced these new powers with the introduction of the principle of subsidiarity as a general principle of Community law. Moreover, the Treaty of Maastricht provided for the creation of a new entity—the European Union, which was superimposed over the existing structure. Its task is to organize, in a manner demonstrating consistency and solidarity, relations between the Member States and between their peoples. The European Union is based on three pillars. The first relates to cooperation in the fields of economic, social and monetary policy. This remains the task of the EC. The second relates to cooperation in the areas of justice and domestic affairs. The third relates to the development and implementation of a common foreign and security policy, possibly leading to a common defense. The European Union exists mainly as a cooperative framework and does not possess any juridical personality as such. The last two pillars are thus independent from the original Treaty of Rome framework and do not, therefore, constitute Community law. The 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam further enlarged the powers of the Community in areas of visa, asylum, immigration, and employment. The Treaty of Amsterdam also completely renumbered the articles of the previous Treaties. Finally, the 2001 Treaty of Nice revised certain aspects of Community governance necessary for enlargement of the EU beyond fifteen Member States, particularly the size and composition of various political bodies and the decision-making processes used. On May 1, 2004, the EU added ten Member States, incorporating much of Central and Eastern Europe. Although the three Communities were established as separate organizations, their institutional structure has rapidly become uniform (although the the treaty establishing the 233
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NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW J
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Contents FORWARD AND GENERAL INSTRU
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6.0 NEWSPAPERS AND WEEKLY JOURNALS
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JAPAN..............................
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9.0 CITATION OF ELECTRONIC MATERIAL
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II. CITATION GUIDE.................
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2.0 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL
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Forward and General Instructions Pu
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Acknowledgements Publication of the
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2 http://www.jus.gov.ar/ II. CITATI
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Courts of Ordinary Jurisdiction for
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES ENRIQUE R.
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The Federal Court of Australia was
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Generally, court names are not incl
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journal title (italicized), article
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authority to test the constitutiona
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16 Trial Court for cartels: Kartell
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There are two guides available for
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7.0 Official Publications Cite offi
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Internet Resources: 22 Federal Sena
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3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by typ
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26 CANADA I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Commo
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Cite laws by title (italicized), vo
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7.0 Official Publications Cite offi
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mainland China in 1997, but which k
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There is no comprehensive system of
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES WANG CHENG
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Administrative Court. Supreme Court
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Widely used monograph publications
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the other hand, do not bind Danish
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Regulations issued under the author
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46 Poul Nyrup, Europas Fremtid, tal
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handles cases involving the state.
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50 The official gazette of Egypt (a
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Internet Resource: 52 Parliament: h
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I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 54 F
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in the Statute Book, decisions of t
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I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 58 F
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2.1.1 Official Gazette Laws and dec
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62 Gazette du Palais (Gaz. Pal. or
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FRANÇOISE DREYFUS & FRANÇOIS D’
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of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof). In
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Many Federal Statutes can be found
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4.0 Books Cite books by name of the
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I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 72 G
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74 Ministerial Decision: Ypourgiki
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Cite articles in newspapers and wee
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78 Archive of Consultation (Green)
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80 Bendtzen, “The Double Marginal
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India does not have a uniform citat
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Previous reporters which no longer
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Cite articles in journals by name o
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support of the majority of the Hous
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Major law reporters are entitled an
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92 ISRAEL Medinat Israel (State of
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More formal citations, which includ
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Cite unpublished cases as if citing
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hears appeals from the Justice of t
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3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by cou
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I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 102
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exceptions, the Japanese government
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6.0 Newspapers and Weekly Journals
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2.0 Legislation Cite legislation by
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110 MEXICO Estados Unidos Mexicanos
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112 phraseology is allowed when the
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Cite only official reporters, the n
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JAMES E. HERGER, AN INTRODUCTION TO
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The Supreme Court is the highest co
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES DRISS BASR
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The highest court is the Supreme Co
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3.1 Courts Ordinary Jurisdiction Co
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126 NEW ZEALAND I. COUNTRY PROFILE
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Cite bills in the same way as acts
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Cite journal articles only availabl
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132 NIGERIA Federal Republic of Nig
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2.4 Edicts 134 Decree No.28 of 1970
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3.1 Reporters The most common repor
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II. CITATION GUIDE There is no unif
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4.0 Books 142 Khawaja Textile Mills
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144 THE PHILIPPINES Republika ng Pi
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2.3 Codes Cite codes by common titl
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4.0 Books Cite books by volume (if
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152 Art. 200 k.k. Alternatively, in
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1.0 Constitution Cite the Constitut
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8.0 Unpublished Materials Cite thes
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Rossiiskoi Federatsii). Ten Federal
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There are two main types of preside
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6.0 Newspapers and Weekly Journals
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II. CITATION GUIDE There is no unif
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166 SOUTH AFRICA Republic of South
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3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by nam
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170 SOUTH KOREA Taehan-min'guk (Rep
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172 Code of Criminal Procedure (Hyo
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES SUPREME CO
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The autonomous communities operate
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3.2 Reports When possible, cite to
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180 Constitution Act: Regeringsform
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Page 202 and 203: 2.2 Codes Cite codes by article and
Page 204 and 205: Tribunaux (JdT), La Semaine Judicia
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Page 208 and 209: II. CITATION GUIDE There is no unif
Page 210 and 211: calendar, see Section 0.2 above), e
Page 212 and 213: 194 TANZANIA Jamhuri ya Muungano wa
Page 214 and 215: 3.2 Unreported Cases Cite unreporte
Page 216 and 217: 198 Parliament http://www.parliamen
Page 218 and 219: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 200
Page 220 and 221: Other legislative sources of law us
Page 222 and 223: 204 Lutfi Duran, “Anayasa Mahkeme
Page 224 and 225: 206 UNITED KINGDOM I. COUNTRY PROFI
Page 226 and 227: 2.0 Legislation Cite a statute by s
Page 228 and 229: (BCLC)). In such circumstances, it
Page 230 and 231: 212 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA I. COU
Page 232 and 233: 2.1 State and Territory Abbreviatio
Page 234 and 235: 4.0 Books Cite books by name of the
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Page 238 and 239: They have wide-ranging internationa
Page 240 and 241: Alternatively, cite U.N. SCOR by vo
Page 242 and 243: 2.3.1 Parent Organs The major paren
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Page 246 and 247: 3.0 International Court of Justice
Page 248 and 249: Maritime Delimitation Between Guine
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Page 254 and 255: 1.0 Basic Treaties Since most of th
Page 256 and 257: Beyond these more formal rules, aut
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Page 260 and 261: Case 168/78 Commission v France (Al
Page 262 and 263: Cases 48, 49, 51-57/69 Imperial Che
Page 264 and 265: I. ORGANIZATION PROFILE 246 WORLD T
Page 266 and 267: Final Act Embodying Uruguay Round:
Page 268 and 269: 1.2 Subsequent or Informal Citation
Page 270 and 271: of GATT/WTO schedules into the Harm
Page 272 and 273: 254 Treatment by Germany of Imports
Page 274 and 275: III. SELECTED REFERENCES JEANNE REH
Page 276 and 277: 4.2 General Comments Cite general c
Page 278 and 279: 260 III. HYBRID COURTS (Internation
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Page 282 and 283: 1.3 Separate Opinions Cite separate
Page 284 and 285: 266 Significant Multilateral Treati
Page 286 and 287: 3.0 Human Rights Convention on the
Page 288 and 289: 11.2 Road Traffic Convention on Roa
Page 290 and 291: 23.0 Antarctica Antarctic Treaty (W
Page 292 and 293: 4.0 Relationship of International a
Page 294 and 295: 12.0 State Responsibility Salem Cas
Page 296: 21.0 International Trade Law [See t
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