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FRANÇOISE DREYFUS & FRANÇOIS D’ARCY, LES INSTITUTIONS POLITIQUES ET ADMINISTRATIVES DE LA FRANCE (Economica 2d ed. 1987). M. GOUNELLE, INTRODUCTION AU DROIT PUBLIC, INSTITUTIONS-FONDEMENTS-SOURCES (Montchretien 2d ed 1989). H. PINSSEAU, L’ORGANISATION JUDICIAIRE FRANÇAISE (La Documentation Française 1978). T. RENOUX, LE CONSEIL CONSTITUTIONNEL ET L’AUTORITE JUDICIAIRE (Economica 1984). 64
GERMANY Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany) I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) Germany is a democratic, federal republic made up of 16 States (Länder). The German Constitution, the Basic Law (Grundgesetz) of 1949 lost its “temporary” status on October 3, 1990, when the five states of the former German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) joined the unified German federation. Germany’s legal system is based on a civil law tradition. In Germany’s federal structure, most of the legislative power is concentrated at the national level, while administrative, judicial, and enforcement functions are exercised principally at the state level. Executive responsibilities on the federal level lie principally with the Federal Government (Bundesregierung), which is headed by the Chancellor (Bundeskanzler). The Chancellor is elected by the Bundestag. The Federal President (Bundespräsident), the official head of state, is elected for a five-year term—with the possibility of reelection for a consecutive term—by a Federal Convention (Bundesversammlung) consisting of equal numbers of members of the Lower House of Parliament (Bundestag) and members elected by the parliaments of the individual states. The President’s duties are primarily ceremonial. The Constitution vests the legislative power in a bicameral parliament, consisting of the Lower House of Parliament, whose members are directly elected by the people every four years, and the Senate (Bundesrat), who consists of members of the state governments. Most federal law is initiated by the Federal Government and later voted upon and passed into law, first by the Bundestag and then the Bundesrat. The Bundesrat, however, has only suspensive veto power over most legislation. Thus, with the important exception of bills relating to the administrative responsibilities of the states, the Bundesrat can only delay legislation rather than veto it outright. The 16 Länder have their own constitutions, each of which establishes a unicameral State Legislature (generally called Landtag). The State Legislature elects the state’s Prime Minister (generally called Ministerpräsident), who heads the State’s Government (Landesregierung or Staatsregierung). Judicial power is exercised by the Federal Constitutional Court, the federal courts and the courts of the States. Judicial functions pertaining to the federal constitution are performed exclusively by the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht). State constitutional matters are generally adjudicated by State Constitutional Courts (Landesverfassungsgericht). In contrast to some other federative countries, Germany’s state and federal courts are integrated in a single court system, organized both hierarchically and by subject matter. The courts are grouped into five categories: Ordinary Courts (Ordentliche Gerichtsbarkeit), Labor Courts (Arbeitsgerichtsbarkeit), Administrative Courts (Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit), Social Courts (Sozialgerichtsbarkeit), and Fiscal Courts (Finanzgerichtsbarkeit). The federation can establish special courts as well, like the Federal Court for Patent Matters. The Ordinary Courts are responsible for criminal matters, civil matters (such as matrimonial or family proceedings and disputes arising under private law such as sale or lease agreements, as well as commercial and corporate law), and non-contentious legal proceedings, which include bequests, probate and guardianship matters. There are four levels: local courts, regional courts, regional courts of appeals (all administered on state level) and the Federal Court 65
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NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW J
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Contents FORWARD AND GENERAL INSTRU
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6.0 NEWSPAPERS AND WEEKLY JOURNALS
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JAPAN..............................
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9.0 CITATION OF ELECTRONIC MATERIAL
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II. CITATION GUIDE.................
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2.0 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL
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Forward and General Instructions Pu
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Acknowledgements Publication of the
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2 http://www.jus.gov.ar/ II. CITATI
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Courts of Ordinary Jurisdiction for
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES ENRIQUE R.
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The Federal Court of Australia was
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Generally, court names are not incl
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journal title (italicized), article
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Page 38 and 39: 7.0 Official Publications Cite offi
Page 40 and 41: Internet Resources: 22 Federal Sena
Page 42 and 43: 3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by typ
Page 44 and 45: 26 CANADA I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Commo
Page 46 and 47: Cite laws by title (italicized), vo
Page 48 and 49: 7.0 Official Publications Cite offi
Page 50 and 51: mainland China in 1997, but which k
Page 52 and 53: There is no comprehensive system of
Page 54 and 55: III. SELECTED REFERENCES WANG CHENG
Page 56 and 57: Administrative Court. Supreme Court
Page 58 and 59: Widely used monograph publications
Page 60 and 61: the other hand, do not bind Danish
Page 62 and 63: Regulations issued under the author
Page 64 and 65: 46 Poul Nyrup, Europas Fremtid, tal
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Page 68 and 69: 50 The official gazette of Egypt (a
Page 70 and 71: Internet Resource: 52 Parliament: h
Page 72 and 73: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 54 F
Page 74 and 75: in the Statute Book, decisions of t
Page 76 and 77: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 58 F
Page 78 and 79: 2.1.1 Official Gazette Laws and dec
Page 80 and 81: 62 Gazette du Palais (Gaz. Pal. or
Page 84 and 85: of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof). In
Page 86 and 87: Many Federal Statutes can be found
Page 88 and 89: 4.0 Books Cite books by name of the
Page 90 and 91: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 72 G
Page 92 and 93: 74 Ministerial Decision: Ypourgiki
Page 94 and 95: Cite articles in newspapers and wee
Page 96 and 97: 78 Archive of Consultation (Green)
Page 98 and 99: 80 Bendtzen, “The Double Marginal
Page 100 and 101: India does not have a uniform citat
Page 102 and 103: Previous reporters which no longer
Page 104 and 105: Cite articles in journals by name o
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Page 108 and 109: Major law reporters are entitled an
Page 110 and 111: 92 ISRAEL Medinat Israel (State of
Page 112 and 113: More formal citations, which includ
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Page 118 and 119: 3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by cou
Page 120 and 121: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 102
Page 122 and 123: exceptions, the Japanese government
Page 124 and 125: 6.0 Newspapers and Weekly Journals
Page 126 and 127: 2.0 Legislation Cite legislation by
Page 128 and 129: 110 MEXICO Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Page 130 and 131: 112 phraseology is allowed when the
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Cite only official reporters, the n
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JAMES E. HERGER, AN INTRODUCTION TO
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The Supreme Court is the highest co
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES DRISS BASR
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The highest court is the Supreme Co
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3.1 Courts Ordinary Jurisdiction Co
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126 NEW ZEALAND I. COUNTRY PROFILE
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Cite bills in the same way as acts
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Cite journal articles only availabl
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132 NIGERIA Federal Republic of Nig
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2.4 Edicts 134 Decree No.28 of 1970
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I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 136
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3.1 Reporters The most common repor
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II. CITATION GUIDE There is no unif
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4.0 Books 142 Khawaja Textile Mills
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144 THE PHILIPPINES Republika ng Pi
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2.3 Codes Cite codes by common titl
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4.0 Books Cite books by volume (if
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152 Art. 200 k.k. Alternatively, in
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1.0 Constitution Cite the Constitut
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8.0 Unpublished Materials Cite thes
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Rossiiskoi Federatsii). Ten Federal
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There are two main types of preside
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6.0 Newspapers and Weekly Journals
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166 SOUTH AFRICA Republic of South
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3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by nam
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170 SOUTH KOREA Taehan-min'guk (Rep
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172 Code of Criminal Procedure (Hyo
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES SUPREME CO
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The autonomous communities operate
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3.2 Reports When possible, cite to
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180 Constitution Act: Regeringsform
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182 SWITZERLAND Confédération Sui
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2.2 Codes Cite codes by article and
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Tribunaux (JdT), La Semaine Judicia
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calendar, see Section 0.2 above), e
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194 TANZANIA Jamhuri ya Muungano wa
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3.2 Unreported Cases Cite unreporte
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198 Parliament http://www.parliamen
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Other legislative sources of law us
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204 Lutfi Duran, “Anayasa Mahkeme
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206 UNITED KINGDOM I. COUNTRY PROFI
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2.0 Legislation Cite a statute by s
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(BCLC)). In such circumstances, it
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212 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA I. COU
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2.1 State and Territory Abbreviatio
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4.0 Books Cite books by name of the
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218 UNITED NATIONS & INTERNATIONAL
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They have wide-ranging internationa
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Alternatively, cite U.N. SCOR by vo
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2.3.1 Parent Organs The major paren
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2.3.6 Various Examples 226 A/52/4 [
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3.0 International Court of Justice
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Maritime Delimitation Between Guine
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES ROGER A. C
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European Coal and Steel Community (
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1.0 Basic Treaties Since most of th
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Beyond these more formal rules, aut
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Case 26/76 Metro SB-Grossmärkte Gm
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Case 168/78 Commission v France (Al
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Cases 48, 49, 51-57/69 Imperial Che
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I. ORGANIZATION PROFILE 246 WORLD T
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Final Act Embodying Uruguay Round:
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1.2 Subsequent or Informal Citation
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of GATT/WTO schedules into the Harm
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254 Treatment by Germany of Imports
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES JEANNE REH
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4.2 General Comments Cite general c
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260 III. HYBRID COURTS (Internation
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2.1.1 Unreported Decisions before N
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1.3 Separate Opinions Cite separate
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266 Significant Multilateral Treati
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3.0 Human Rights Convention on the
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11.2 Road Traffic Convention on Roa
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23.0 Antarctica Antarctic Treaty (W
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4.0 Relationship of International a
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12.0 State Responsibility Salem Cas
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21.0 International Trade Law [See t
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