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of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof). In criminal cases, one of the first three courts has original jurisdiction, depending on the nature of the crime. In civil proceedings, jurisdiction is vested in either the local or regional court. The Labor Courts handle disputes arising from employment contracts and industrial relations, including collective bargaining agreements. There are three levels: labor courts, labor courts of appeals (both administered of state level), and the Federal Labor Court (Bundesarbeitsgericht). The Administrative Courts also have three levels: the administrative courts and administrative courts of appeals, both on the state level, and, finally, the Federal Administrative Court (Bundesverwaltungsgericht). They handle proceedings under administrative law that do not fall within the jurisdiction of the social courts, the finance courts, the ordinary courts (e.g., cases of official liability), or the constitutional courts. The Social Courts rule on all disputes concerned with social security. They also have three levels: local, appellate and the Federal Social Court (Bundessozialgericht). Finally, the fiscal courts (Finanzgerichtsbarkeit), which consist of only one level of state courts and the Federal Finance Court (Bundesfinanzhof), deal with taxation and related matters. Official Websites: 66 Federal Government: http://www.bundesregierung.de Lower Chamber of Federal Government: http://www.bundestag.de Higher Chamber of Federal Government: http://www.bundesrat.de Federal President: http://www.bundespraesident.de Constitutional Court: http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de Federal Courts: http://www.bundesgerichtshof.de http://www.bundesarbeitsgericht.de http://www.bundessozialgericht.de http://www.bverwg.de II. CITATION GUIDE http://www.bundesfinanzhof.de Federal Patent Court: http://www.bpatg.de Attorney General: http://www.generalbundesanwalt.de Federal Ministry of Justice: http://www.bmj.bund.de Federal Law: http://bundesrecht.juris.de/bundesrecht http://www.jura.uni-muenster.de http://www.jura.uni-sb.de Federal Gazette: http://www.bundesgesetzblatt.de Citation is quite uniform although there are neither binding rules regarding citation nor a national citation manual in Germany. 0.1 Common Abbreviations Common abbreviations in German citation practice include Article (“§”, “Artikel” or “Art.”), paragraph (“Absatz” or “Abs.”), and clause (“Satz” or “S.”). The “Abs.” and “S.” symbols are optional (i.e., “Art. 1 Abs. 1 S. 1” = “Art 1 I 1”).
1.0 Constitution Cite the Constitution (Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) by subdivision referenced (see Part 0.1 above), followed by abbreviated title (“GG”): Art. 1 Abs. 3 GG. Art. 1 Abs. 1 S. 1 GG. Art. 1 I 1 GG. 2.0 Legislation 2.1 Statutes, Laws, and Decrees Cite statutes, laws, and decrees by passage referenced, full title, short title (in parentheses), date [day.month.year], followed by abbreviated title of the official gazette in which it is published (e.g., “BGBl.”), volume, year, and page referenced: § 1 Gesetz über die politischen Parteien (Parteiengesetz) v. 31.1.1994, BGBl. I 1994, p. 149. 2.1.1 Federal Gazette The Federal Gazette (Bundesgesetzblatt) is cited BGBl. Before 1945, it was called Reichsgesetzblatt (cited RGBl.). State gazettes are generally called Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt (cited GVBl.). 2.2 Codes Cite Codes by subdivision referenced (see Part 0.1 above), followed by abbreviated title of the Code: § 812 Abs. 1 S. 1 BGB. § 812 I 1 BGB. The abbreviations of major Codes are: Law on the Organization of the Judiciary:Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz (GVG) Code of Civil Procedure: Zivilprozeßordnung (ZPO) Code of Criminal Procedure: Strafprozeßordnung (StPO) Code of Administrative Procedure: Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung (VwGO) Civil Code: Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) Commercial Code: Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB) Criminal Code: Strafgesetzbuch (StGB) Administrative Law Act: Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (VwVfG) Code of Social Law: Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) 67
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NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW J
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Contents FORWARD AND GENERAL INSTRU
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6.0 NEWSPAPERS AND WEEKLY JOURNALS
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JAPAN..............................
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9.0 CITATION OF ELECTRONIC MATERIAL
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II. CITATION GUIDE.................
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2.0 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL
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Forward and General Instructions Pu
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Acknowledgements Publication of the
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2 http://www.jus.gov.ar/ II. CITATI
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Courts of Ordinary Jurisdiction for
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES ENRIQUE R.
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The Federal Court of Australia was
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Generally, court names are not incl
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journal title (italicized), article
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authority to test the constitutiona
Page 34 and 35: 16 Trial Court for cartels: Kartell
Page 36 and 37: There are two guides available for
Page 38 and 39: 7.0 Official Publications Cite offi
Page 40 and 41: Internet Resources: 22 Federal Sena
Page 42 and 43: 3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by typ
Page 44 and 45: 26 CANADA I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Commo
Page 46 and 47: Cite laws by title (italicized), vo
Page 48 and 49: 7.0 Official Publications Cite offi
Page 50 and 51: mainland China in 1997, but which k
Page 52 and 53: There is no comprehensive system of
Page 54 and 55: III. SELECTED REFERENCES WANG CHENG
Page 56 and 57: Administrative Court. Supreme Court
Page 58 and 59: Widely used monograph publications
Page 60 and 61: the other hand, do not bind Danish
Page 62 and 63: Regulations issued under the author
Page 64 and 65: 46 Poul Nyrup, Europas Fremtid, tal
Page 66 and 67: handles cases involving the state.
Page 68 and 69: 50 The official gazette of Egypt (a
Page 70 and 71: Internet Resource: 52 Parliament: h
Page 72 and 73: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 54 F
Page 74 and 75: in the Statute Book, decisions of t
Page 76 and 77: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 58 F
Page 78 and 79: 2.1.1 Official Gazette Laws and dec
Page 80 and 81: 62 Gazette du Palais (Gaz. Pal. or
Page 82 and 83: FRANÇOISE DREYFUS & FRANÇOIS D’
Page 86 and 87: Many Federal Statutes can be found
Page 88 and 89: 4.0 Books Cite books by name of the
Page 90 and 91: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 72 G
Page 92 and 93: 74 Ministerial Decision: Ypourgiki
Page 94 and 95: Cite articles in newspapers and wee
Page 96 and 97: 78 Archive of Consultation (Green)
Page 98 and 99: 80 Bendtzen, “The Double Marginal
Page 100 and 101: India does not have a uniform citat
Page 102 and 103: Previous reporters which no longer
Page 104 and 105: Cite articles in journals by name o
Page 106 and 107: support of the majority of the Hous
Page 108 and 109: Major law reporters are entitled an
Page 110 and 111: 92 ISRAEL Medinat Israel (State of
Page 112 and 113: More formal citations, which includ
Page 114 and 115: Cite unpublished cases as if citing
Page 116 and 117: hears appeals from the Justice of t
Page 118 and 119: 3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by cou
Page 120 and 121: I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 102
Page 122 and 123: exceptions, the Japanese government
Page 124 and 125: 6.0 Newspapers and Weekly Journals
Page 126 and 127: 2.0 Legislation Cite legislation by
Page 128 and 129: 110 MEXICO Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Page 130 and 131: 112 phraseology is allowed when the
Page 132 and 133: Cite only official reporters, the n
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JAMES E. HERGER, AN INTRODUCTION TO
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The Supreme Court is the highest co
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES DRISS BASR
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The highest court is the Supreme Co
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3.1 Courts Ordinary Jurisdiction Co
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126 NEW ZEALAND I. COUNTRY PROFILE
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Cite bills in the same way as acts
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Cite journal articles only availabl
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132 NIGERIA Federal Republic of Nig
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2.4 Edicts 134 Decree No.28 of 1970
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I. COUNTRY PROFILE (Civil Law) 136
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3.1 Reporters The most common repor
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II. CITATION GUIDE There is no unif
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4.0 Books 142 Khawaja Textile Mills
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144 THE PHILIPPINES Republika ng Pi
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2.3 Codes Cite codes by common titl
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4.0 Books Cite books by volume (if
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152 Art. 200 k.k. Alternatively, in
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1.0 Constitution Cite the Constitut
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8.0 Unpublished Materials Cite thes
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Rossiiskoi Federatsii). Ten Federal
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There are two main types of preside
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6.0 Newspapers and Weekly Journals
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166 SOUTH AFRICA Republic of South
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3.0 Jurisprudence Cite cases by nam
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170 SOUTH KOREA Taehan-min'guk (Rep
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172 Code of Criminal Procedure (Hyo
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES SUPREME CO
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The autonomous communities operate
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3.2 Reports When possible, cite to
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180 Constitution Act: Regeringsform
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182 SWITZERLAND Confédération Sui
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2.2 Codes Cite codes by article and
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Tribunaux (JdT), La Semaine Judicia
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calendar, see Section 0.2 above), e
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194 TANZANIA Jamhuri ya Muungano wa
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3.2 Unreported Cases Cite unreporte
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198 Parliament http://www.parliamen
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Other legislative sources of law us
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204 Lutfi Duran, “Anayasa Mahkeme
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206 UNITED KINGDOM I. COUNTRY PROFI
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2.0 Legislation Cite a statute by s
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(BCLC)). In such circumstances, it
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212 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA I. COU
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2.1 State and Territory Abbreviatio
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4.0 Books Cite books by name of the
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218 UNITED NATIONS & INTERNATIONAL
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They have wide-ranging internationa
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Alternatively, cite U.N. SCOR by vo
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2.3.1 Parent Organs The major paren
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2.3.6 Various Examples 226 A/52/4 [
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3.0 International Court of Justice
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Maritime Delimitation Between Guine
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES ROGER A. C
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European Coal and Steel Community (
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1.0 Basic Treaties Since most of th
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Beyond these more formal rules, aut
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Case 26/76 Metro SB-Grossmärkte Gm
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Case 168/78 Commission v France (Al
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Cases 48, 49, 51-57/69 Imperial Che
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I. ORGANIZATION PROFILE 246 WORLD T
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Final Act Embodying Uruguay Round:
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1.2 Subsequent or Informal Citation
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of GATT/WTO schedules into the Harm
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254 Treatment by Germany of Imports
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III. SELECTED REFERENCES JEANNE REH
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4.2 General Comments Cite general c
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260 III. HYBRID COURTS (Internation
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2.1.1 Unreported Decisions before N
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1.3 Separate Opinions Cite separate
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266 Significant Multilateral Treati
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3.0 Human Rights Convention on the
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11.2 Road Traffic Convention on Roa
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23.0 Antarctica Antarctic Treaty (W
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4.0 Relationship of International a
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12.0 State Responsibility Salem Cas
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21.0 International Trade Law [See t
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