The 1995/1996 Household Income, Expenditure - (PDF, 101 mb ...

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Sequential List of Tables and Figures IV.2 Figure IV.1 Implied Monthly Unemployment and Labor Force Rates Based on Pseudo-Standard Definitions, 1995/1996 HIECS Figure IV.2 Implied Unemployment and Labor Force Rates by Age Based on Pseudo-Standard Definitions, 1995/1996 HIECS Table IV.1 Household Income Sources by Region Table IV.2 Individual Incomes by Source and Type of Organization Table IV.3 Results of Probit Model on Probability of Being a Wage Earner Table IV.3a Sample Probability Calculations, Response = Wage Employee Table IVA Wage Regression Results for the two HIECS Samples of Wage Earners
CHAPTER IV. HUMAN CAPITAL IV.A Introduction IV.3 Most readers of the economics of Egypt will readily agree that the country is experiencing labor market disequilibrium, that workers are facing dislocation, even that the labor force is in crisis. The prevailing consensus is that unemployment is high but underemployment is higher, that too many job applicants enter the labor force every year with expectations (and educations) that are too lofty to accommodate the slow growth of skilled positions, and that productivity is generally low and unit labor costs are high compared to other countries. The public sector is huge but bankrupt, and because the private sector hasn't been emphasized, job creation is so low. Labor market policies have both reinforced current conditions and made future reform efforts predictably harder to accommodate. The public sector's involvement is direct, through minimum wage provisions and payroll deductions, and indirect, through its employment and dismissal laws. Secondary school and university graduates are constitutionally guaranteed a civil service job 2upon graduation, but typically wait for 8 years or more until a position opens. On the demand side, workers see this incentive as large enough to outweigh the risk of government financial default. On the supply side, this results in a civil service with an overly large percentage of lower quality employees, the ones who waited in line to avoid the competition of the private sector. This chapter first accounts for labor force conditions, presenting some differences in definition and standardization, and then addresses the complementary issues of unemployment and earnings differentials. It is noted that the unemployed are occupied in economically viable activities even though their earnings and their productive time remains, to a greater or lesser extent, unregistered. To understand unemployment, then, it is convenient to start with an employee's probability that he or she will participate in the paid (formal) labor force. This decision is endogenous at the household level. After characteristics are associated with probabilities to participate in the 1 There are varying conceptions of the level of unemployment in the country, depending on the source and definition. The Egyptian Ministry of Planning estimates reported by Central Bank of Egypt (1996, Table 1/5, Population, Labor Force & Unemployment Rate, p. 84) are 9.4% in 1995/1996, 9.6% in 1994/1995 and 9.8% in 1993/1994. CAPMAS estimated the unemployment rate to be 11.3% in 1995 (CAPMAS, 1996). A recent report by "IMF consultants" put the figure at 17.5% (as reported by Moataz el Hadiidi and Subhi Bahiri in "3.9 Million Unemployed ... trade balance deficit reached 31.6 billion £E, EI Sha9ab, 11 April, 1997, p. 1). The popular Western press has current unemployment levels at 21% (Alexander Stille in "Perils of the Sphinx" New Yorker,February 10. 1997,p. 63). 2 Assaad (1997) provides the best analysis to date on the effect of this guarantee on returns to schooling, and concludes that higher public sector salaries and non-wage benefits continue to drive the queuing process, despite severe overstaffing in government ranks and extremely high unemployment rates among graduates.
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The 1995/1996 Household Income, Exp
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Project'Background Executive Summar
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Chapter I_ Ov'"er"V"ie"" aI1d Proce
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1.11 decreases average household si
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1.13 HIECS as well as international
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1.15 respondent acceptance. These a
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mothelUs were expected to be more s
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1.22 material. There should be a cl
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elied upon, resistance to analytica
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in the speed of processing of any s
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I.E Global Edits 1.28 In late Novem
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Name, Size, and Level of HIECS Raw
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mandatory by law; 16) Reporting err
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Appendix LA Comparing Estimates fro
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The dependent variable is the tth o
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where and R = f g' are estimates of
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Table 1.1 1995/1996 HIECS Sample Si
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Table 1.3 Update Rate ({Sampled-Ori
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Table 1.5 Average Annualized Data E
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Table I.7 Annualized Error Characte
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Table 1.9 One-Way Analysis ofVarian
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MI: University of Michigan, 1980. L
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Sequential List of Tables and Figur
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Digit Preference Indices Digit 5 10
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proper income variable. There is st
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II.10 6.33% of HIECS households sai
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11.12 Percentage Changes in Median
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11.15 involves the difficulty in de
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household per capita income did not
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Table n.1 Asymptotic Properties ofB
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Table 11.2 Household Average Annual
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Table II.3 Household Average Annual
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Table n.3 Household Average Annual
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Table II.5 Earners Classified by Re
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Table II.7 Household Average Annual
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Table n.s 199011991 HIECS Equivalen
Page 91: INDIVIDUAL WAGES AND SALARIES INDIV
Page 94 and 95: Table 11.13 Regression of Level Hou
Page 97 and 98: Table 11.16 Average Expenditures fo
Page 99 and 100: Table 11.18 Elasticities for Subsid
Page 101 and 102: 1982. Tellis, Gerard, "The Price El
Page 103 and 104: Sequential List of Tables III.2 Tab
Page 106: IIL5 wages have hardly kept pace wi
Page 112 and 113: IH.E Household Poverty in Egypt II!
Page 115 and 116: 111.14 number of poor households wo
Page 121 and 122: III. 20 Cairo, both the richest and
Page 123 and 124: Appendix lILA Statistical Formulas
Page 126 and 127: Table II!. 1 Poverty Rate Rankings
Page 128 and 129: Table III.3a Poverty Rate Rankings
Page 130 and 131: Table III.3c Poverty Rate Rankings
Page 132 and 133: 'able III.5 Poverty Rate Rankings b
Page 134 and 135: "able It!. 7a Poverty Rate Rankings
Page 136 and 137: Bibliography - Chapter III. Poverty
Page 138 and 139: 179, 1993. Rodgers, John L., and Jo
Page 143 and 144: IV.S The unemployed are further cla
Page 146 and 147: IV.8 did not permit even a good est
Page 149 and 150: 3. Secondary Industry 4. Machine In
Page 153: IV.IS the benchmark from which to m
Page 156: IV.18 Finally, standard human capit
Page 163: Table IV.2 Individual Incomes by So
Page 166: Table IV.4 Wage Regression Results
Page 169 and 170: USAID/EAP, "Findings of the Employm
Page 171 and 172: sequential List of Tables and Figur
Page 173 and 174: V.4 To underscore the critical impo
Page 176: V.C.2 Implementation of Current Wei
Page 179 and 180: V.10 telephone calls, in mind. Note
Page 182 and 183: V.E Dissemination and Publication V
Page 184: Appendix V.A An Alternate Estimator
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Table V.l Comparison of Major Group
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Figure Y.3 Example ofEgypt's Price
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272-278, 1980. Pollak, R.A., "The S
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VI.4 often two or more floors, with
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VI.? notoriously difficult to regul
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VI.II consumption of housing. Assum
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Rent Elasticities VI.18 1990/1991 O
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VI.2! Considering utilities as elec
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Classification of Housing Type and
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VI.2S statistically significant) wi
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VI.27 values) is positive: 587.51 f
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Figure VI. 1 A Synopsis of Egyptian
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Table VI.4 PersonslRoom, by Area, T
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Table VI.5 Average Housing Expendit
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Table VI.6 Ratio ofImputed Value of
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Table VI.7 Comparison ofConsumer Su
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Frankena, Mark, "Alternative Models
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Development in Egypt: Investing in
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VIL7 of age of the household head c
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Two-Way Classification of Attained
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VILli The table above shows that, f
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Table VI!. 1 Estimates ofProportion
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Table VI!.3 Enrollment Ratios (Freq
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Bibliography - Chapter VII. Educati
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VIII. 4 surgical or procedural, ane
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VIII. 6 level, additional education
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Table VIlLI Mean Medical Expenditur
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Table VIII.3 Household Average Annu
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Bibliography - Chapter VII. Medical
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IX.A Introduction · IX.2 An offici
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IX.S and later found that the infor
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IX.I0 higher quality, less costly i
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The 1995/1996 Household Income, Exp
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Guidelines A Survey on Income, Expe
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Objectives ofthe survey: 1. Identif
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traditions, and holding back inform
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Survev FORMS A. Auxiliary form (For
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Field Work: visit will be before th
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. Vegetables group -- onion, cucumb
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* If the household consumed a commo
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four sub-totals (8-1), (8-2), (8-3)
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The editor is the link between the
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7. Confirming that all families in
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5. Domicile It is the place where t
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8. Working condition The relationsh
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General Instructions Instructions f
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abroad. This table is completed in
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These are simple examples that defi
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This second group contains the foll
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poultry husbandry owned by the hous
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• Underwear winter and summer rea
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Table (6): Household expenses of fu
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This table does not include free se
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ecorded in the overall value column
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'" Expenses during the three months
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of this income on the individuals o
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Data Entry Manual
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First: Editing Coverage The 1995/19
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1 through 20: 4. If the reply to qu
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Instructions for Office Coding ,. ,
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January takes code "01" etc. d. Rur
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011100 121101 122103 131102 131103
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261176 261183 261199 262101 262102
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331911 331916 331917 331919 331999
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442301 442302 442303 491101 491103
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Occupation Codes 9 621502 Milker 62
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742112 742209 742214 742301 742302
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826107 826199 826203 826204 826206
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Economic Activity Codes
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Economic Activity Codes 2 fibers ex
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CONSUMPTION 8888 HEADCOVER-FEM 1620
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FRESH-VEG-TOTAL 359 BLANKETS-COTION
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MEATS-TOTAL 515 SCHOOL-TRANS 2912 C
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CPI item codes 7 GRILLED-FISH 1109
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The HIECS Data Dictionary
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Page 3 Data Dictionary: HIECS Creat
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Page 12 Data Dictionary: HIECS Crea
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Page 21 Data Dictionary: HIEes Crea
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Page 59 Data Dictionary: HIECS crea
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REFRMT.SAS 1 options pagesize=60; l
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REFRMT.SAS 3 if source4=4 then sour
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*/i REFRMT.SAS 5 if bwtv=2 then bwt
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REFRMT.SAS 7 data in. If; "infile a
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REFRMT.SAS 9 output out=codecomm; t
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REFRMT.SAS 11 annval=annval/100 i p
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REFRMT.SAS 13 proc means; var earne
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WTCALC.SAS 1 0ptions pagesize=60; l
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else if gov=13 and urbrur=O then do
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*CAPMAS and Cairo Demographic Cente
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SAS Occupation and Economic Activit
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HKFIX.SAS 2 if occu=413109 then occ
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Summary Statistics of All Questionn
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE DEMOGRAPHIC
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE INVENTORY RE
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE FOOD AND BEV
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE CLOTHING REC
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE HOUSING AND
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE HOUSEHOLD FU
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE HOUSEHOLD FU
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE MEDICAL RECO
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE PRIVATE TRAN
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE COMMUNICATIO
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE CSE (OTHER)
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE HOTEL, COFFE
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE PERSONAL CAR
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE WAGE AND SAL
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AVERAGE PERCENT CONTRIBUTION OF SEP
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE LANDS RECORD
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE OTHER SOURCE
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SAS Files for Construction of CENVA
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if gov=23 and if gov=25 and if gov=
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proc delete data=work.sort5; run; p
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@7 finlwt @15 males @17 females @19
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options pagesize=60 i libname in 'c
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if occu=832104 then occu=732104; if
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MAKEVARI • SAS 6 or gov=27 or gOV
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