The 1995/1996 Household Income, Expenditure - (PDF, 101 mb ...

Frequency (Households) of the Number of Sources of Income
No. OF
SOURCES
1
2
3
4
5
Frequency
1407
5227
4851
2218
778
Percent
9.5
35.3
32.8
15.0
5.3
Cumulative
Frequency
1407
6634
11485
13703
14481
I1.G Income Characteristics: Household Average Incomes from Sources
11.9
Cumulative
Percent
9.5
44.8
77.6
92.6
97.8
Table n.6 categorizes incomes from six sources. The sum of all
household income sources is an average annual income total of 7570.05 £E.
This means that income is, on average, 911.45 £E higher than total
expenditures (Table 11.2), indicating that savings are being accumulated. The
more important sources of incomes are incomes from wages and salaries, nonagricultural
projects (typically these are small scale enterprises operated
either from the household or very close to it) and agricultural work. Total
income is measured with more error than total expenditures, but, compared to
the previous RIECS, the error level is reasonable and acceptable.
In the 1990/1991 HIECS average total household expenditures was 5143.39
£E and average total incomes was 5708.90 £E. The first inquiry therefore
suggests itself: How have Egyptian households fared over the last five years?
The question is hardly a simple one to answer given changes in the value of
the Egyptian pound, errors of measurement, changes in household sizes, and
savings ratios, etc. At the very least households should be standardized for
their compositions before comparing them, and then critical household estimate
levels should be adjusted by some measurement of inflation to produce trreal"
expenditures and incomes.
The six sources of income are further categorized by region in Table
n.7. In a number of cases, the coefficients of variation are unacceptably
large, making first-sight comparisons difficult both between areas and within
sources. Wages do not seem to be as prone to measurement error as other
sources. Household average incomes from all sources are highest in Port Said
and Suez (the "Other Urban" region) and Cairo. The confidence bounds for
the Frontier is wider than 9000 £E, which casts doubt on the Frontier's high
income status.
H.R Regarding Remittances
Private remittances are partly comprised of monies received by the
household from persons living abroad. Official remittances are government
cash grants and in-kind payments to Egypt. Private and official remittances
together represent a large part of Egypt's export income. Al Abram, July 9,
1996, stated that "remittances (both official and private assumed) were 5
billion £E annually, 12% of GDP." The value given for private remittances in
Central Bank of Egypt (1996, Table 1/6, p. 162) is $75 million. In 1993, private
remittances were twice the value of merchandise exports (World Bank (1995».
HIECS results can be compared with private remittances considered as
an inflow, I.e., not Egyptian workers remittances to other countries. ,Only