The 1995/1996 Household Income, Expenditure - (PDF, 101 mb ...

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y the large C.V. that sampling and non-sampling error around the estimate may be a problem. Precision suffers also in the measurement of Cairo's housing and utilities expenditures - the confidence band around the mean is one-third to one-fourth of the estimate. The "Other Urban" region appears ahead of the other regions in most expenditures, ultimately in total expenditures. ILE Extent of Self-Sufficiency 11.7 Households in the HIECS produce for their own consumption. The amount of home production depends mainly on where the household resides. The importance of home production cannot be understated. The imputed value of home produced items (mainly food) divided by the total (market) value of actual consumption gives a percentage that indicates the extent of household self-sufficiency. This is presented by region in Table II.4. The frequency, the sample percentage, the row percentage, and the column percentage are shown in each cell. Naturally household production is most prevalent in the rural areas, with Lower and Upper Rural Egypt dominating. More than threequarters of households with a home-produced ratio of greater than 40% are in Lower Rural Egypt. The System of National Accounts (SNA) of the United Nations considers household "subsistence production," or "production on own account," to be both an income and an expenditure (see UN (1982». By definition, a household which is completely "self-sufficient" has a total expenditure which equals the total income from its production. Intuitively, household production itself is fully income for the household, and that part consumed is clearly consumption expenditure. In practice the distinction sometimes is not so clear-cut, especially with components having "investment value." In training, for example, interviewers were told (erroneously) not to include household expenditures on chicken feed for fear of double-counting (when the household consumed the chicken). The exact accounting for the consumption of that chicken would have the household subtract the overall cost of chicken feed from the total market value of the chicken as an expenditure, then to tally also the total income market value of that chicken. In truth the real values of goods produced at home are the values of those goods in the highest cost alternative market. It is often an unreasonable assumption that the respondent has such detailed knowledge of market conditions to provide a proper valuation of withdrawals from production. Confusion often arises with regard to the final realization of both capital and non-capital commodities, too. Taken to its logical extreme, the valuation of goods can become tautological: What if the household purchases a hoe? How can we assume that the hoe will be used in farm production? CAPMAS can be accused of having an "expenditure bias" in its surveying, because it has always suspected income measures. The last survey was the first time they tabulated income at all, and then only badly. It is known and expected that respondents have more income sources than they admit, but there seems too much willingness on the part of the survey authorities to accept this situation casually. For a country serious about the proper measurement of incomes, own production and the imputed value of owners' equivalent rent need to be recognized as both incomes and expenditures. The estimation of consumption is really quite difficult without a
proper income variable. There is still room for flexibility. of course. permitting some ambiguity in definitions, acknowledging the difficulties of gathering data on income in kind. and opting for the administratively easy tack. The point to be made is this: mismeasurement of income should be an invitation to improve the interview process. ILF Earner Characteristics II.8 Earners in the HIECS are those household members which have one or more of six sources of income for which enumerators asked detailed questions (wages and salaries. agricultural. non-agricultural. finance, lands and real estate. and other). If the individual states that (s)he has this income source. (s)he is called an "earner." There are 1.7 earners on average. 52.5% of households have one earner. 32.6% have two. 10.3% have three earners. The previous HIECS had 1.53 earners per household. Females comprised 28.65% of the total of earners in the rural areas and 30.83% of the total of earners in the urban areas in the last quarter of 1995 and the first three quarters of 1996. Sector and Sex of Earners SECTOR SEX Frequency: Percent : Row Pct : Col Pct : Female: Male ---------+--------+--------+ Rural 3917: 9757 15.70: 39.12 28.65: 71. 35 I 53.00: 55.59 ---------+--------+--------+ Urban : 3474: 7796 : 13.93: 31.25 : 30.83: 69.17 : 47 . 00: 44. 41 ---------+--------+--------+ Total 7391 17553 29.63 70.37 Total 13674 54.82 11270 45.18 24944 100.00 When earners are classified by region and sex (Table U.5), male earners outnumber female earners by more than two to one in all regions; in the Frontier governorates the ratio is almost three to one. Governorates contribute an overly large percentage of earners where agriculture predominates. Income sources are more varied than earners. 9.5% of the sample have one income source. 35.3% have 2, 32.8% have 3, 15.0% have 4. 5.3% have 5. and the rest have more than 5 sources. Sources of income increase with household size, of course, and multiple sources are more common in rural areas.
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The 1995/1996 Household Income, Exp
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Project'Background Executive Summar
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Chapter I_ Ov'"er"V"ie"" aI1d Proce
Page 11 and 12: 1.11 decreases average household si
Page 13 and 14: 1.13 HIECS as well as international
Page 15: 1.15 respondent acceptance. These a
Page 19 and 20: mothelUs were expected to be more s
Page 22 and 23: 1.22 material. There should be a cl
Page 24 and 25: elied upon, resistance to analytica
Page 26 and 27: in the speed of processing of any s
Page 28 and 29: I.E Global Edits 1.28 In late Novem
Page 30 and 31: Name, Size, and Level of HIECS Raw
Page 32 and 33: mandatory by law; 16) Reporting err
Page 34 and 35: Appendix LA Comparing Estimates fro
Page 36 and 37: The dependent variable is the tth o
Page 40 and 41: where and R = f g' are estimates of
Page 42 and 43: Table 1.1 1995/1996 HIECS Sample Si
Page 44 and 45: Table 1.3 Update Rate ({Sampled-Ori
Page 47 and 48: Table 1.5 Average Annualized Data E
Page 49 and 50: Table I.7 Annualized Error Characte
Page 51 and 52: Table 1.9 One-Way Analysis ofVarian
Page 53 and 54: MI: University of Michigan, 1980. L
Page 55: Sequential List of Tables and Figur
Page 59: Digit Preference Indices Digit 5 10
Page 63 and 64: II.10 6.33% of HIECS households sai
Page 65: 11.12 Percentage Changes in Median
Page 68: 11.15 involves the difficulty in de
Page 72: household per capita income did not
Page 75 and 76: Table n.1 Asymptotic Properties ofB
Page 78 and 79: Table 11.2 Household Average Annual
Page 80 and 81: Table II.3 Household Average Annual
Page 82 and 83: Table n.3 Household Average Annual
Page 84 and 85: Table II.5 Earners Classified by Re
Page 86 and 87: Table II.7 Household Average Annual
Page 88 and 89: Table n.s 199011991 HIECS Equivalen
Page 91: INDIVIDUAL WAGES AND SALARIES INDIV
Page 94 and 95: Table 11.13 Regression of Level Hou
Page 97 and 98: Table 11.16 Average Expenditures fo
Page 99 and 100: Table 11.18 Elasticities for Subsid
Page 101 and 102: 1982. Tellis, Gerard, "The Price El
Page 103 and 104: Sequential List of Tables III.2 Tab
Page 106: IIL5 wages have hardly kept pace wi
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IH.E Household Poverty in Egypt II!
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111.14 number of poor households wo
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III. 20 Cairo, both the richest and
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Appendix lILA Statistical Formulas
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Table II!. 1 Poverty Rate Rankings
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Table III.3a Poverty Rate Rankings
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Table III.3c Poverty Rate Rankings
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'able III.5 Poverty Rate Rankings b
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"able It!. 7a Poverty Rate Rankings
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Bibliography - Chapter III. Poverty
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179, 1993. Rodgers, John L., and Jo
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Sequential List of Tables and Figur
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IV.S The unemployed are further cla
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IV.8 did not permit even a good est
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3. Secondary Industry 4. Machine In
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IV.IS the benchmark from which to m
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IV.18 Finally, standard human capit
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Table IV.2 Individual Incomes by So
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Table IV.4 Wage Regression Results
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USAID/EAP, "Findings of the Employm
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sequential List of Tables and Figur
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V.4 To underscore the critical impo
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V.C.2 Implementation of Current Wei
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V.10 telephone calls, in mind. Note
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V.E Dissemination and Publication V
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Appendix V.A An Alternate Estimator
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(19) E (20 ) t I col, a, t = = Eo 1
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Table V.l Comparison of Major Group
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Figure Y.3 Example ofEgypt's Price
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272-278, 1980. Pollak, R.A., "The S
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VI.4 often two or more floors, with
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VI.? notoriously difficult to regul
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VI.II consumption of housing. Assum
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Rent Elasticities VI.18 1990/1991 O
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VI.2! Considering utilities as elec
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Classification of Housing Type and
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VI.2S statistically significant) wi
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VI.27 values) is positive: 587.51 f
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Figure VI. 1 A Synopsis of Egyptian
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Table VI.4 PersonslRoom, by Area, T
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Table VI.5 Average Housing Expendit
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Table VI.6 Ratio ofImputed Value of
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Table VI.7 Comparison ofConsumer Su
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Frankena, Mark, "Alternative Models
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Development in Egypt: Investing in
Page 243:
Page 248 and 249:
VIL7 of age of the household head c
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Two-Way Classification of Attained
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VILli The table above shows that, f
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Table VI!. 1 Estimates ofProportion
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Table VI!.3 Enrollment Ratios (Freq
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Bibliography - Chapter VII. Educati
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
VIII. 4 surgical or procedural, ane
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VIII. 6 level, additional education
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Table VIlLI Mean Medical Expenditur
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Table VIII.3 Household Average Annu
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Bibliography - Chapter VII. Medical
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IX.A Introduction · IX.2 An offici
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IX.S and later found that the infor
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IX.I0 higher quality, less costly i
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The 1995/1996 Household Income, Exp
Page 287 and 288:
Guidelines A Survey on Income, Expe
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Objectives ofthe survey: 1. Identif
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traditions, and holding back inform
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Survev FORMS A. Auxiliary form (For
Page 295 and 296:
Field Work: visit will be before th
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. Vegetables group -- onion, cucumb
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* If the household consumed a commo
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four sub-totals (8-1), (8-2), (8-3)
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The editor is the link between the
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7. Confirming that all families in
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5. Domicile It is the place where t
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8. Working condition The relationsh
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General Instructions Instructions f
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abroad. This table is completed in
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These are simple examples that defi
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This second group contains the foll
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poultry husbandry owned by the hous
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• Underwear winter and summer rea
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Table (6): Household expenses of fu
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This table does not include free se
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ecorded in the overall value column
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'" Expenses during the three months
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of this income on the individuals o
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Data Entry Manual
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First: Editing Coverage The 1995/19
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1 through 20: 4. If the reply to qu
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Instructions for Office Coding ,. ,
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January takes code "01" etc. d. Rur
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011100 121101 122103 131102 131103
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261176 261183 261199 262101 262102
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331911 331916 331917 331919 331999
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442301 442302 442303 491101 491103
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Occupation Codes 9 621502 Milker 62
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742112 742209 742214 742301 742302
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826107 826199 826203 826204 826206
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Economic Activity Codes
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Economic Activity Codes 2 fibers ex
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CONSUMPTION 8888 HEADCOVER-FEM 1620
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FRESH-VEG-TOTAL 359 BLANKETS-COTION
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MEATS-TOTAL 515 SCHOOL-TRANS 2912 C
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CPI item codes 7 GRILLED-FISH 1109
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The HIECS Data Dictionary
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Page 3 Data Dictionary: HIECS Creat
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Page 12 Data Dictionary: HIECS Crea
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Page 21 Data Dictionary: HIEes Crea
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Page 59 Data Dictionary: HIECS crea
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REFRMT.SAS 1 options pagesize=60; l
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REFRMT.SAS 3 if source4=4 then sour
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*/i REFRMT.SAS 5 if bwtv=2 then bwt
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REFRMT.SAS 7 data in. If; "infile a
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REFRMT.SAS 9 output out=codecomm; t
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REFRMT.SAS 11 annval=annval/100 i p
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REFRMT.SAS 13 proc means; var earne
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WTCALC.SAS 1 0ptions pagesize=60; l
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else if gov=13 and urbrur=O then do
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*CAPMAS and Cairo Demographic Cente
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SAS Occupation and Economic Activit
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HKFIX.SAS 2 if occu=413109 then occ
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Summary Statistics of All Questionn
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE DEMOGRAPHIC
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE INVENTORY RE
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE FOOD AND BEV
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE CLOTHING REC
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE HOUSING AND
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE HOUSEHOLD FU
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE HOUSEHOLD FU
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE MEDICAL RECO
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE PRIVATE TRAN
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE COMMUNICATIO
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE CSE (OTHER)
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE HOTEL, COFFE
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE PERSONAL CAR
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE WAGE AND SAL
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AVERAGE PERCENT CONTRIBUTION OF SEP
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE LANDS RECORD
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SUMMARY STATS FROM THE OTHER SOURCE
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SAS Files for Construction of CENVA
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if gov=23 and if gov=25 and if gov=
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proc delete data=work.sort5; run; p
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@7 finlwt @15 males @17 females @19
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options pagesize=60 i libname in 'c
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if occu=832104 then occu=732104; if
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MAKEVARI • SAS 6 or gov=27 or gOV
show all

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