The 1995/1996 Household Income, Expenditure - (PDF, 101 mb ...

VIL7
of age of the household head contributes negatively to enrollment potential ­
thus, the idea of substituting child labor for the input of aging parents may
be indicated, as well as the lack of enlightenment in the older generation.
Port Said and Suez (the "Other Urban" region) add to the intercept
probability of enrollment. Also, having household members abroad increases
the probability that a student will be enrolled - less incentive exists to stay
home and help the household earn income, and education is probably demanded
more for the sibling aspiring to migrate himself.
The coefffcients of Table VIlA are adjusted for a relative interpretation
in Table VIIAa. The representative student's overall response index provides
the benchmark from which to measure changes in response probability given a
change in one or more characteristic. The representative student is a male
from Upper Egypt, from a poor household (lowest quintile of total
expenditures) whose head who is 45 years old and illiterate, etc. This student
has an initial response probability index of being enrolled equalling 1.5448.
The table shows the change in the overall response index due to altering
individual characteristics. If the student were exactly the same in all other
respects except that he came from the richest household, his overall
enrollment probability would be lower than the initial response probability,
1.5229. Apparently the richest households value standard education less;
increasing expenditures are associated with lower enrollment rates than the
overall likelihood. If the student were female, her overall probability of being
enrolled would be 1.5173, about two percentage points below the overall index
of probability. There is therefore statistically significant empirical evidence
for the fact that being female lowers one's probability of being enrolled.
VILE Education Expenditures
Education is a normal commodity (empirically - see Table 11.14) in both
HIECSs, meaning that as household incomes rise, the proportions households
spend on education rise as well. The table below gives the household
equivalence adjusted average annual expenditures on education and education
shares as a percentage of total household budget. It also reports these
education expenditures by equivalent expenditure quintiles, and by rural and
urban areas, for both surveys.
7 See the appendix to Chapter IV.