Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook: Production and

REFERENCES 1311
thelial cells, the epithelium, interstitium, and blood vessels. Translocation into the
blood is thought to be through enhanced epithelial or endothelial permeability
imparted by infl ammatory mediators. Systemic hypercoagulation may be triggered
by the infl ammatory mediators in response to the diffusion of the nanoparticles
through endothelium and vasculature [260] .
7.3.7.3 Skin Permeation of Nanoparticles
The stratum corneum provides a formidable barrier to the entry of chemical and
particulate matter into human tissue and systemic circulation. It provides a fi rst - line
defence to the ingress of foreign agents. However, there are indications that particles
up to 1 μ m are able to penetrate the skin ’ s barrier and deposit in the epidermis
where the antigen - presenting cells reside [266] . It follows therefore that submicrometer
particles in the nanometer range have the potential to cross the stratum
corneum and illicit an infl ammatory response. Once again, however, the tendency
of fi ne particles to agglomerate will to some extent inhibit penetration into the skin,
in particular where the agglomerates are macroscopic. A correlation must however
be drawn to establish any potential link between nanoparticle affi nity for skin penetration
and particle physical and morphological characteristics or indeed whether
the novel and unique properties of the engineered particle in any way impart
enhanced skin permeation properties and, if so, their nature and mechanisms.
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