Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook: Production and

4.2
SEMISOLID DOSAGES: OINTMENTS,
CREAMS, AND GELS
Ravichandran
Mahalingam , Xiaoling Li , and Bhaskara R. Jasti
University of the Pacifi c, Stockton, California
Contents
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.1
Introduction
Ointments and Creams
4.2.2.1 Defi nition
4.2.2.2 Bases
4.2.2.3 Preparation and Packaging
4.2.2.4 Evaluation
4.2.2.5
Gels
Typical Pharmacopeial/Commercial Examples
4.2.3.1 Defi nition
4.2.3.2 Characteristics
4.2.3.3 Classifi cation
4.2.3.4 Stimuli - Responsive Hydrogels
4.2.3.5 Gelling Agents
4.2.3.6 Preparation and Packaging
4.2.3.7 Evaluation
4.2.3.8 Typical Pharmacopeial and Commercial Examples
Regulatory Requirements for Semisolids
References
INTRODUCTION
Semisolid dosage forms are traditionally used for treating topical ailments. The vast
majority of them are meant for skin applications. They are also used for treating
ophthalmic, nasal, buccal, rectal, and vaginal ailments. Various categories of drugs
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook: Production and Processes, edited by Shayne Cox Gad
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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