Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook: Production and

872 VAGINAL DRUG DELIVERY
261. Czeizel , A. E. , Kazy , Z. , and Vargha , P. ( 2003 ), A population - based case - control teratological
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262. Polatti , F. , Rampino , M. , Magnani , P. , and Mascarucci , P. ( 2006 ), Vaginal pH - lowering
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263. Amaral , E. , Perdigao , A. , Souza , M. H. , Mauck , C. , Waller , D. , Zaneveld , L. , and Faundes ,
A. ( 2006 ), Vaginal safety after use of a bioadhesive, acid - buffering, microbicidal contraceptive
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264. Decena , D. C. , Co , J. T. , Manalastas , R. M. , Jr. , Palaypayon , E. P. , Padolina , C. S. , Sison ,
J. M. , Dancel , L. A. , and Lelis , M. A. ( 2006 ), Metronidazole with Lactacyd vaginal gel in
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265. Fiorilli , A. , Molteni , B. , and Milani , M. ( 2005 ), Successful treatment of bacterial vaginosis
with a policarbophil - carbopol acidic vaginal gel: Results from a randomised double -
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266. Levine , H. , and Watson , N. ( 2000 ), Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of crinone 8%
administered vaginally versus Prometrium administered orally in postmenopausal
women , Fertil. Steril. , 73 , 516 – 521 .
267. van den Heuvel , M. W. , van Bragt , A. J. , Alnabawy , A. K. , and Kaptein , M. C. ( 2005 ),
Comparison of ethinylestradiol pharmacokinetics in three hormonal contraceptive formulations:
The vaginal ring, the transdermal patch and an oral contraceptive , Contraception
, 72 , 168 – 174 .
268. Fraser , I. S. , Lacarra , M. , Mishell , D. R. , Alvarez , F. , Brache , V. , Lahteenmaki , P. , Elomaa ,
K. , Weisberg , E. , and Nash , H. A. ( 2000 ), Vaginal epithelial surface appearances in
women using vaginal rings for contraception , Contraception , 61 , 131 – 138 .
269. Bjarnad ó ttir , R. I. ( 2003 ), Update on contraceptive vaginal rings , Rev. Gyn. Pract. , 3 ,
156 – 159 .
270. Roumen , F. J. , Apter , D. , Mulders , T. M. , and Dieben , T. O. ( 2001 ), Effi cacy, tolerability
and acceptability of a novel contraceptive vaginal ring releasing etonogestrel and ethinyl
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271. Oddsson , K. , Leifels - Fischer , B. , de Melo , N. R. , Wiel - Masson , D. , Benedetto , C. ,
Verhoeven , C. H. , and Dieben , T. O. ( 2005 ), Effi cacy and safety of a contraceptive vaginal
ring (NuvaRing) compared with a combined oral contraceptive: A 1 - year randomized
trial , Contraception , 71 , 176 – 182 .
272. Dieben , T. O. , Roumen , F. J. , and Apter , D. ( 2002 ), Effi cacy, cycle control, and user acceptability
of a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring , Obstet. Gynecol. , 100 , 585 – 593 .
273. Sivin , I. , Mishell , D. R. , Jr. , Alvarez , F. , Brache , V. , Elomaa , K. , Lahteenmaki , P. , Massai ,
R. , Miranda , P. , Croxatto , H. , Dean , C. , Small , M. , Nash , H. , and Jackanicz , T. M. ( 2005 ),
Contraceptive vaginal rings releasing Nestorone and ethinylestradiol: A 1 - year dose -
fi nding trial , Contraception , 71 , 122 – 129 .
274. Rad , M. , Kluft , C. , Menard , J. , Burggraaf , J. , de Kam , M. L. , Meijer , P. , Sivin , I. , and
Sitruk - Ware , R. L. ( 2006 ), Comparative effects of a contraceptive vaginal ring delivering
a nonandrogenic progestin and continuous ethinyl estradiol and a combined oral contraceptive
containing levonorgestrel on hemostasis variables , Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. ,
195 , 72 – 77 .
275. Devoto , L. , Fuentes , A. , Palomino , A. , Espinoza , A. , Kohen , P. , Ranta , S. , and von Hertzen ,
H. ( 2005 ), Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of levonorgestrel after administration
of a single 1.5 - mg dose by the oral and vaginal route , Fertil. Steril. , 84 , 46 – 51 .