Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook: Production and

142 EFFECT OF SCALE-UP ON OPERATION OF JACKETED REACTORS
determine kinetic and heat fl ow parameters using the calorimeter and further estimate
heat transfer parameters for a pilot - scale reactor. Simulation studies are used
to fi nd the required jacket temperature for desired batch reactor temperature profi
les. Semibatch operation is shown to be safer than normal batch operation. Landau
[15] provides a detailed review of reaction calorimetry, including mathematical
expressions for energy balances, and a number of application examples.
3.1.3
LABORATORY VESSELS AND REACTION CALORIMETERS
As reviewed in Section 3.1.2.3 , reaction calorimeters can be used to better understand
and characterize scale - related process phenomena, such as mixing and heat
transfer. A heat fl ow calorimeter, the Mettler RC1e, is shown in Figure 1 . A
schematic of a similar calorimeter system is shown in Figure 2 [16] . A heat fl ow
calorimeter can be used to estimate:
• Physical parameters (heat capacity)
• Reaction rate constants
• Heat transfer coeffi cients (overall, U or, or fi lm, h i )
3.1.3.1 Material and Energy Balances
The overall energy balance for a process with no reaction has the form
Energy accumulation = energy in heat transfer from jacket
+ energy in
by calibration probe − energy lost by ambient heat transfer
FIGURE 1
Mettler RC1e heat fl ow calorimeter system ( www.mt.com ).