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Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook: Production and

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860 VAGINAL DRUG DELIVERY<br />

54. Corbo , D. C. , Liu , J. C. , <strong>and</strong> Chien , Y. W. ( 1990 ), Characterization of the barrier properties<br />

of mucosal membranes , J. Pharm. Sci. , 79 , 202 – 206 .<br />

55. Richardson , J. L. , Farraj , N. F. , <strong>and</strong> Illum , L. ( 1992 ), Enhanced vaginal absorption of<br />

insulin in sheep using lysophosphatidylcholine <strong>and</strong> a bioadhesive microsphere delivery<br />

system , Int. J. Pharm. , 88 , 319 – 325 .<br />

56. Okada , H. , Yamazaki , I. , Yashiki , T. , <strong>and</strong> Mima , H. ( 1983 ), Vaginal absorption of a potent<br />

luteinizing hormone - releasing hormone analogue (leuprolide) in rats II: Mechanism of<br />

absorption enhancement with organic acids , J. Pharm. Sci. , 72 , 75 – 78 .<br />

57. van der Bijl , P. , van Eyk , A. D. , Gareis , A. A. , <strong>and</strong> Thompson , I. O. ( 2002 ), Enhancement<br />

of transmucosal permeation of cyclosporine by benzalkonium chloride , Oral Dis. , 8 ,<br />

168 – 172 .<br />

58. Richardson , J. L. , Thomas , N. W. , <strong>and</strong> Illum , L. ( 1991 ), Recovery of the rat vaginal epithelium<br />

from the histological effects of absorptions enhancers , Int. J. Pharm. , 77 ,<br />

75 – 78 .<br />

59. Richardson , J. L. , Illum , L. , <strong>and</strong> Thomas , N. W. ( 1992 ), Vaginal absorption of insulin in<br />

the rat: Effect of penetration enhancers on insulin uptake <strong>and</strong> mucosal histology , Pharm.<br />

Res. , 9 , 878 – 883 .<br />

60. Sayani , A. P. , Chun , I. K. , <strong>and</strong> Chien , Y. W. ( 1993 ), Transmucosal delivery of leucine<br />

enkephalin: Stabilization in rabbit enzyme extracts <strong>and</strong> enhancement of permeation<br />

through mucosae , J. Pharm. Sci. , 82 , 1179 – 1185 .<br />

61. Richardson , J. L. , Minhas , P. S. , Thomas , N. W. , <strong>and</strong> Illum , L. ( 1989 ), Vaginal administration<br />

of gentamicin to rats. <strong>Pharmaceutical</strong> <strong>and</strong> morphological studies using absorption<br />

enhancers , Int. J. Pharm. , 56 , 29 – 35 .<br />

62. Nakada , Y. , Miyake , M. , <strong>and</strong> Awata , N. ( 1993 ), Some factors affecting the vaginal absorption<br />

of human calcitonin in rats , Int. J. Pharm. , 89 , 169 – 175 .<br />

63. van der Bijl , P. , <strong>and</strong> van Eyk , A. D. ( 2001 ), Areca nut extract lowers the permeability of<br />

vaginal mucosa to reduced arecoline <strong>and</strong> arecaidine , J. Oral Pathol. Med. , 30 , 537 – 541 .<br />

64. Cicinelli , E. , Einer - Jensen , N. , Galantino , P. , Alfonso , R. , <strong>and</strong> Nicoletti , R. ( 2004 ), The<br />

vascular cast of the human uterus: From anatomy to physiology , Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. ,<br />

1034 , 19 – 26 .<br />

65. Cicinelli , E. , Cignarelli , M. , Sabatelli , S. , Romano , F. , Schonauer , L. M. , Padovano , R. ,<br />

<strong>and</strong> Einer - Jensen , N. ( 1998 ), Plasma concentrations of progesterone are higher in the<br />

uterine artery than in the radial artery after vaginal administration of micronized progesterone<br />

in an oil - based solution to postmenopausal women , Fertil. Steril. , 69 ,<br />

471 – 473 .<br />

66. Bulletti , C. , de Ziegler , D. , Flamigni , C. , Giacomucci , E. , Polli , V. , Bolelli , G. , <strong>and</strong><br />

Franceschetti , F. ( 1997 ), Targeted drug delivery in gynaecology: The fi rst uterine pass<br />

effect , Hum. Reprod. , 12 , 1073 – 1079 .<br />

67. Cicinelli , E. , Di Naro , E. , De Ziegler , D. , Matteo , M. , Morgese , S. , Galantino , P. , Brioschi ,<br />

P. A. , <strong>and</strong> Schonauer , A. ( 2003 ), Placement of the vaginal 17beta - estradiol tablets in the<br />

inner or outer one third of the vagina affects the preferential delivery of 17beta - estradiol<br />

toward the uterus or periurethral areas, thereby modifying effi cacy <strong>and</strong> endometrial<br />

safety , Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. , 189 , 55 – 58 .<br />

68. Thorgeirsdottir , T. O. , Hilmarsson , H. , Thormar , H. , <strong>and</strong> Kristmundsdottir , T. ( 2005 ),<br />

Development of a virucidal cream containing the monoglyceride monocaprin , Pharmazie ,<br />

60 , 897 – 899 .<br />

69. Thorgeirsdottir , T. O. , Thormar , H. , <strong>and</strong> Kristmundsdottir , T. ( 2005 ), The infl uence of<br />

formulation variables on stability <strong>and</strong> microbicidal activity of monoglyceride monocaprin<br />

, J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Tech. , 15 , 233 – 236 .

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