Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook: Production and

602 NASAL DELIVERY OF PEPTIDE AND NONPEPTIDE DRUGS
Controlled particle dispersion
Transistion from aperture to
nasal cavity
Vestibule
Velocity profile of air steam
a: Nasal vestibule
b: Palate
c: Inferior turbinate
Nasal cavity
(a)
(b)
Delivery path of the droplet
d: Middle turbinate
e: Superior turbinate
f: Nasopharynx
FIGURE 3 ( a ) Vertical droplet fl ow created by controlled particle dispersion used in
ViaNase ID (Kurve Technology, Bothell, WA). ( b ) Deposition pattern produced by controlled
particle dispersion. ( Reproduced from ref. 42 with permission from Drug Delivery
Technology. )
ogy is also being tested in connection with vaccination by the nasal route, and vaccines
against diphtheria and infl uenza have already been shown to improve local
and systemic immune responses. Another area being explored is the delivery of
drugs to the brain via the nose. A phase I clinical trial of midazolam has been carried
out and has shown an onset and level of sedation comparable to that of intravenous
administration. The duration of sedation was found to be longer with the OptiNose
technology, but the bioavailability of the drug was found to be only 68%, as
compared with 100% with intravenous administration. Figures 4 a and b show the
Optinose multidose liquid device and multiuse powder device being developed
respectively [43, 44] .
DirectHaler The DirectHaler (Direct - Haler A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) nasal
delivery device takes advantage of the nasal anatomy and an innovation in device
technology in order to improve nasal drug delivery and patient compliance. Similar