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Digital Culture: The Changing Dynamics National(istic) perception of cultural diversity The extension of documents, 4 general and sectorial, shows that culture is an important part of strategic thinking in the development of the information society in Slovenia. 5 All these political papers mention cultural diversity, mostly together with linguistic diversity, when they discuss the possibilities and challenges of information society. However, the term “diversity” is highly ambiguous in these documents and requires further explanation of its political context. The thesis of this paper is that in the strategic documents analysed the term “cultural diversity” is not used in the first place to characterize the increasingly diverse socio-cultural structure of Slovenia nor does it follow the pluralistic origin of cultural content as outlined in The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. There is no precedent to show that cultural diversity can be seen as a framework in which different ethnicities coexist within the nation state. When they elaborate the role of digital culture there is no stress on the new citizenship landscape searching for conditions of equity and fairness for cultural participation. Culture 4 We are not going to discuss here that the weak point in the transition to an information society is not strategic thinking but the transponibility of documents in practice. However, it is worth mentioning that the strategy si2010 recognized the following critical factors for the achievement of its goals: constant and firm political back-up for the implementation of strategy as a precondition for a project of this size and complexity; and interaction among all interested stakeholders which includes not only different sciences but also cooperation between the business and academic worlds and capacity building of users who need proper skills to use e-services and e-content; adequate funding that corresponds to strategic objectives; training for IT and computer professionals who take care of the functioning of information society; investment in research with an ambition to transfer results into practice; the preservation of digital content with solutions to store and retrieve information and special attention for national cultural heritage; and user oriented services where users and their satisfaction is a central element of the system. 5 There are many successful individual stories (e.g. the development of the Co-operative Online Bibliographic System and Services (COBISS) for public libraries, the Cooperative Archival Computer Information System of Slovenia (AERISS) together with the InfoArh application for archives, the establishment of the Internet portal of the Digital Library of Slovenia and the regional portal KAMRA, the Slovene Music-Information Centre (SIGIC), the net of 19 multimedia centres across the whole country, etc.) but essential issues (such as the availability of digital cultural content, “fresh money” for digitization, cooperation between the main institutions, concerted action in digitization, capacity building of professional staff, proper awareness of the importance of digitization of cultural heritage, etc.) remain problematic although there are some positive signs such as the already mentioned introduction of a special budget item for digitization in 2008 (annual reports on implementation of the National Programme for Culture for the year 2004 and 2005; progress reports of the National Representatives Group coordination mechanisms for digitalization policies and programmes MINERVA eC Project and MICHAEL project (Gazvoda, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006); Rajh, 2007; Korun, 2005). 122
Digital culture in policy documents differences (ethnic, linguistic, religious, etc.) remain at the centre of the political arena but as a national problem in the international environment. The central concern is how could a small nation such as Slovenia preserve and protect its cultural diversity in the process of globalization and its tendency towards standardization, homogenization and subordination. Therefore the UNESCO convention on cultural diversity represents in Slovenia primarily the re-affirmation of its national cultural sovereignty. Where are the grounds for this thesis? The Strategy for the Republic of Slovenia in the information society indeed refers to the preservation and strengthening of citizens’ cultural identities (plural!) through “creating cultural content and preservation of cultural heritage and language” (Strategy, 2003: 3) but it speaks only about official minorities while omitting new migrants completely. Slovenia is among those countries where there is a clear division between so-called traditional minorities (meaning ethnically distinct communities which are the result of earlier movements of national boundaries characterized by autochthonism, dense settlement, mother country and constitutional recognition 6 ) and “new migrants” – namely groups from the former Yugoslavia who migrated when the war broke out there or were already established in Slovenia when the country declared its independence in 1991. 7 While the official minorities enjoy all collective rights (bilingual education and administration, parliamentary representation, mandatory funding of their cultural activities, presence in the media, etc.), as laid out in Article 64 of the Constitution, the new minorities enjoy their cultural rights as citizens only on the basis of human rights as individual rights. That is why they are not mentioned in the cited strategy. The general recognized problem of insufficient digital content provision in Slovenia is even bigger in the case of the new minorities. Since digital content is extremely important for the preservation of European cultural and linguistic diversity, some basic questions need to be asked again from this specific point of view. The official minorities, due to their long, continuing history of maintaining a distinctive culture and identity within the nation, are considered “as a more or less ‘natural’ part of the national landscape” (Bennett, 2001: 29) which means that even though these official minorities enjoy the same rights as Slovene nationals, they tend to reproduce a cultural policy model driven by the idea of a nation state. 6 The Slovenian Constitution recognizes three minorities: Hungarian (6 243 - 0.32%), Italian (2 258 - 0.11%), and Roma (3 246 - 0.17%). 7 “New minorities” - which do not have the status of official minority: Croats (35 632 - 1.81%), Serbs (38 964 - 1.98%), Bosnians (21 542 - 1.10%), Macedonians (3 972 - 0.20%), Albanians (6 186 - 0.13%) and Montenegrins (2 667 - 0.14%). This data was taken from the 2001 census. More factual estimates indicate that they actually represent an even larger percentage, from 7% to 9% of the whole population. 123
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CULTURELINK Network of Networks for
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Managing culture in virtual realms:
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Foreword Digital culture is a new c
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INTRODUCTION
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Digital Culture: The Changing Dynam
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PART ONE DIGITAL CULTURE - THE NEW
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Introduction Media users: from read
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Media users: from readership to co-
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As John B. Thompson argues, the sup
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designers will take a back seat in
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The above-mentioned are two affirma
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The understanding of media users, a
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Transformations of cultural product
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References Transformations of cultu
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The online power of users and money
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The online power of users and money
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• selling artistic products onlin
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References Culture Interactive Cult
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A glance at the Cuban culture throu
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This paper attempts to: • provide
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websites that fused into what we ma
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Portal del Cine y el Audiovisual La
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